Memoirs of the Imperial geological survey of Japan ..

Name: Memoirs of the Imperial geological survey of Japan ..
Author: Chishitsu Chōsajo (Japan)

Chishitsu Chōsajo (Japan)

Memoirs of the Imperial geological survey of Japan ..

Chishitsu Chōsajo (Japan) · 1907 · Historical

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Memoirs of the Imperial geological survey of Japan .. is a 1907 historical mining reference by Chishitsu Chōsajo (Japan), preserved in the Mountain Man Mining research library, focused on placer gold mining.

This 1907 document, Memoirs of the Imperial geological survey of Japan .., is preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library for research and reference. Original source: archive.org.

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University of Chicago Libraries

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BesMdes the main tofvc thi Suhjtci .W. On page Subject iVo, On fage

Diyiiized by

Memoirs

of the

Imperial Geological Survey of Japan.

Volume L Number 1.

Tokyo 1907.

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Diyiiized by

Geology and Mineral Kesources

of

Korea

By Einosuke Inouye.

Chapter I. Introduction.

Korea projects southward from the main land of Manchuria, separating the Sea oC Japan from, the Yellow Sea, and Fu-san, a southern port, is within 12 hours from Shimonoseki in our Empire. So from the earliest period of our history the Japanese were in constant communication with the peninsula, especially through the free port of Fu-san. As to her geological structure it is early considered that she might have an intinrrate connection with the structure of East Asia and also of our Empire, but it is a regrettable matter that we have only a meagre literature concerning the geology of Korea, Dr. C. Gottsche' was the first who engaged in geological resehes in Korea, and since then Messrs* Y. Ishii and K. Nishiwada made short journeys in the peninsula, their results being compiled in a revision of Dr. Gottsche's geolog i cal map of Korea.' Prof. B. Kot6 spent in 1900—1902 about fourteen months in his travels over the peninsula, and his valuable and keen observations first appeared as ' An Orographic Sketch of Korea.'' In 1903 and 1904 Mr. N. Yabe* travelled through the southern part and made a rich collection of fossil flora, and owing to his study of this material tlie fossil-bearing formation extending on Kydng-sang-do* is ascertained to be the Jurassic Beside

1. Gottsche : Geologische Skizze v. Korea.' Sitzber. der K. Pr. Akad. der Wisscnschaft

zu Berlin. XXXVI. 1886.

2. Geographical Journal of Tokyo. Vol. XII. 1900. (Japanese).

3. The Journal of St iciice, Imperial University of Tokyo. Vol. XIX. 1903.

4. Tlic JouriKil of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo. \'ol. XX. 1905.

5. The pronunciation of the geographical terms transliterated after Prof. Kot*) and

Kanazawa's system.

those above-mentioned, there are many data about the mineral resources of Korea, which are scattered in diverse publications, and which are not always reliable. Fortunately on the close o( the Russo-Japanese war,' a number of our geologists among whom I was

enlisted, had an opportunity to engage in the geological survey of Korea.*

From the reports and data provided by my colleagues, together with my ou n observations, I have been enabled to compile the annexed general ideological map and the following pages as to the geoljc of Korea.

Chapter Ii. Topography.

The topography of Korea is very complicated and its study will prove highly interesting. As Prof. Kotd stated in the paper above alluded to, Korea may be divided into two halves by Chukka-ryong Graben, which passes through the region from Yong-heung Bay in the Sea of Japan, southwestward to Kang-hoa Bay in Yellow Sea. Each of these two halves has its own peculiarities, in topography, climate, history etc.

I. K. Inoay :~The mtning industry of Korea. 1906 (Jftpaneae).

K. Iiumye & T. Nilyama : — Report on tlie mineral researches in CfayDl-la-do and

KySng-rang-do. 1906 (Japanese). T. Iki & 9. Suzuki : — Report on the mineral researches in Hoang-hai-do, KyOng- .geui-<lo, South Chhyunhhy5ng-do & southern part of South Ffayttng-an-do. 1906 (Japanese).

K. Nishio & 11. Okada : — Report on the mineral researches in Kang-u6n-do and

North 1906 (Japanese). S. Matsuda & S. Sasao : — Report on the mineral researches in Z906

N. Kanehaia & K. Naksawa :— Report on the odneral researcbeit Ham-gyQiiedo. 1906 Qapaaese).

An excellent description of the tectonic features of Korea has been given in Prof. 's paper above mentioned. So that I. will here shortly describe only the principal moUntain-chains which g-over the present topography of Korea.

In the main, the mountain ranges of Korea run in one of three different directions, viz: N.— S., NiE.— S.W. and E. — W. .They often intersect one another and give rise complicated reUef.

I; , South Korea. — The main mountain ranges run either N.£. — S.W. or N. — S. Prof. Kotd's Han-san Ranges run almost parallel to the southern coast, that is, from E. by N. to W. by S,, but they are often cut by rivers and inlets.

A range, beginning in the south of Nam pho of South Chhyungchhyong-do, and running northeastward to Haingbetween Ty6ng-san and Chhydng-yang, passes to Chhya-ryong between Kong-jyu and Thy6n-an through the mountain masses between' Kong-jyu and Tai-heung. Further northeast it follows the ridges between Thyon-an and Mok-chhydn and passes noithastward the boundary of Kyong-geui-do and North Chhyting-chhyong-doi It is cut by the upper Tai-dong-gang but again reappears beyond the river, forming on the boundary of Kang-u5n-do and North Chhyung-chhyong-do. From the ridge between Phyongchhyang and Uon-jyu of Kang-uon-do, it runs to Mun-chhi-san, where it meets Prof. Kot6's Tai-paik-san Range. This range, correspond fng to Prof. Kot6*s Chhya ryong Range, consists" of gneiss and. granite and its direction coincides with the trend of the gneiss.

The second range which begins at the northwest of Ham-phy5ng and over Ku il san, Pul-kap-san and Mal-between Chyang-song and Yong-going, runs northnortheastward, forming No-ryong o

porphyrite between Chyang-song and Chyang-eup, and Man-makoan of clayslate between Im-sU and Chydnjyu and still farther to Man-dok-san and Tyong-nai-chhi between Chin-an and, Chyun-jyu, from Ssari'rydng between Yong*dam and Ko*san, it enters into the Palaeozoic region and is cut at North Chliyun; chhyongo by the upper Kcum-gang, reappearing beyond the river. It intersects the Tai-p&ik-san Range at the boundary of North Chhyung-chhydng-do and North Kyong sang-do, and thence the mountains become higher and steeper, giving a grand aspect to the land. It bears away further to the northeast, forming the celebrated Syo-paik-san until it meets the coastal range, the Syo-paik-san Range. The southern part of this range corresponds to Prof. Koto's No-r>'ong Range. Though some areas in the middle are covered by the Palaeozoic and the Mesozoic, and are disturbed by the eruptions of granite and porphyrite, yet the range generally conforms to the trend of the gneiss, running almost parallel to the Chhya-ryong. These two ranges seem to be the oldest in Korea, constituting her foundation.

The third range trends almost from south to north near the eastern coast and corresponds to the meridian ridge of Prof. Kot6*s Thai-paik-san Range. It begins from the rugged mountains, formed of green prophyrite, on the southwest of Fu-san, and runs northward with high and precipitous peaks of from 900 m. to over lOoo m., such as Chhyon-song-san, Un-mun-san, etc., which rise prominently above the hilly tracts of granite. The Range still keeps to the north and then enters into the region of clayslate and schalstein, followed by that of gneiss in N. of Kyong sang-do. Paik-pong-yong (over 1000 m.) of Kang-udn-do, formed of the Palaeozoic, is the continuation of the Range, wlierc the Range changes slightly to W,, that iS| in the direction of N.N.W. and forms high mountain masses

of over looo m-, composed of gneiss and granite. Tai-koal-lying at VV. of Kang-neung is followed by the mountain masses of O-dai-san and Tliyon-hu-san, until the celebrated lofty mount, Keumang-san, is reached. The Rattle then gradually sinks toward N.W. and plunges into Yong-heung Bay at S.E. of Gen-san, reappearing at Ilam-gydng-do beyond the Bay.

The Range has a steep escarpment on the eastern coast, while it descends gradually or manifests plateau-like features to the west. Consequently when a traveller crosses the ridge from the east, he has to cHmb a steep pass ; and from the west, he will, insensibly or by a short steep way, reach the top of the pass. This is a striking fact, showing the collapse of the eastern side of the Range by a dislocation in the meridional direction.

The fourth Range borders North Chhyung-chhyong-do and North Chyol-la-do with Kyong-sang-do and corresponds to Prof. Kot6*s Syo-paik-san Range. It forms a high range of more than lOOO m. on the northern boundary, as I-hoa-ryong between Yonphung and Mun-gy5ng j Kung-bong ; Sam-do-bong ; Pong-hoangsan. It runs'farther south to Pu-hang-yong between Chi-ryoi and Mu-jyu ; Yuk-sim-yong betweea Chin-an and Ko-chhyang, and then links itself to the western part of Chi-ri-san. It is cut by Syomjin gang and reappears bc> >nd the river, forming Paik-un-san in South ChyoHa-do. It then forms Syun-thyon peninsula which plunges under the sea in the south. It runs further northward from Tyo-ryong-goan between Chhyung-jyu and Mun-gyung, cut by the upper Han-gang. It reappears at Korth Chhyung-chhyong-do and forms Syong-ak-san on the boundary of North Chhyung-chhydng-do and Kang-u5n-do. In Kang-u5n-do it meets the Chhya-tying Range and Thai-paik-san Range. This Range is composed mainly of gneiss, except an area in the middle part, where it is covered by the Palaeo-

Diyiiized by

zoic, Interrupted by jranitc and porphyrite. Generally the range is high and steep, especially at the junctions with other ranges.

Two almost parallel ridges which run on both £. and W. sides of the Chyuk-ka-ryong Grabefi are Koang-jyu Ridge and Ma sing-yong Ridge, running regularly from S, to N. The Koang-jyu Kidge starts from N. of Koang-jyu, and over Tai*ma-san, composed of gneiss, it attains* great height in the neighborhood of the boundary between Kyong-geuido and Kang-uonnlo, the high peaks being'Kuk-mang-san (over looo ni.) in Ky5ng-gQui-do, Paik-uti-san on the boundary', Pok-syu-san and Tai-song-san (over lOOO m.) In Kang-u6n-do. The range can still be traced further to Thyol-long through a pass between Kim-hoa and Keum-sydng, and in Hamgyong-do it submerges under the sea. The Ma-sing-yong Ridge, starting in the Palaeozoic region in N. of Kai-song, rises at Tai-hasan and Hoa-kai-san in the granite on the boundary between Kangudn-do and Ham-gong-do. From M"a-sing-n}-ong of Ham-gyongdo it sinks down inta the Sea of Japan.

2. North Korea. — The topography of North Korea is highly complicated and forms high and steep mountains and plateaux over loom.

The main ranges. Prof. Kot6's Liao-tung Ranges, run from

K.N'.E. to W.S.W. almost parallel to the trend of the gneiss. Three parallel ranges belonging to the Liao-tung Ranges can be traced. The Kal-eung-nydng Ridge, the northern one, starts at the environs of Wi-jyu and .runs E. N. E. to K6-mun-san over iioom. and ri-rai-san over 1400 m. After being cut twice by the tributaries of Am-nok gang, it reappears on E. intersecting the Nang-nim-san Range of the boundary of Phyong-an-do and Ham-gy5ng'do. It follows still the same direction along the boundary, forming Kaleung-nySng, until at last it is cut by the upper Am-nok-gang. In

fact the ridge is a row of escarpments facing northvvardi and it lowers gradually to the south as a plateau* The Th6k-yu-ryong

Ridge, the middle one, attains a great height in the north of Nangtnim-san and runs from Thok-jm-ryCilg toKu-kokai and Ho-mi. ryong", all more than 700 rh. in height. It gradually descends westsouthwest to Tai yong-gang. In Ham-gong-do, the Ridge is interrupted by Chyang-jin-gahg and Ha-chhydn-gang arid not well defined. The former ridge forms indeed the watershed "of Tai-nyonggang and Am-nolv-gang and the latter of Chhyong-chhyon-gang and Am-nok-gang, The Myo-hyang-san Ridge, the southern one-.runs along the boundary of North and South Phyong-an-do, forming Koang-syoncj-kokai on the boundary. In the west of Myo-hyangsan, the Ridge is cut by Chhyong-chhyon-gang* In Ham-gydiig'Kio we can recognise Hoang-chho-ryong, Pu-chy6Myong and Hoangchhi-ryong on its continuation. After being cut by Nam-tai-chhyon and Peuk-tai-chhydn it reappears further eastnortheastward. , These latter two Ridges are liigh and precipitous, forming mountain-cliains of more than 1000 m. in height, with steep escarpments facing south

The Nang-nim-san Range stretching from N. to S. on the boun dary of Phyong-an-do and Ham-gong-do, may be considered as the reelevation of the Syo-piiik-san Range. It forms a high and steep mountain-chain of more than idoo m. In the middle of the Range, there rises the high gneiss peak of Nang-nim-san'; the pass of Komi san-yong (over 1200 m) in the granite region in the north and A*dung-ny5ng (over 1400 m.) in the gneiss in the south will here be noted. The Range can be followed still further northward, unticut by the upper Am-nok-gang.

The Ma-thydMyong Range starting at Paik-tu-san in Chyang* paik-san range of northern Ham-yong do, runs southsoutheastward along the boundary of North-and South Ilam-gyung do. A thick

basalt flow covers the gneiss terrain, and forms a gigantic plateau from 1400 to 2000 m. high.

The Ham-gong Range trends N.E. — S.\V. on the middle North Ham-gong-do, running almost parallel to the coast line. It begins at Un-mii-rydng, W. of Kydng-u5n, near the northern boundary and runs from Ko-song-yong to Chhya-un-yong, where it meets the Ma-thy6l-long Range, culminating at Chyak-iydng over 1800 m. This Range together with Myo-hyang'san Range forms the watershed between the tributaries of Am-nok-gang and Tu-man, gang and of the rivers emptying into the Sea of Japan.

The southern part of North Korea is Prof. Koto's Palaerv Chyo-syon Land. Though the mountains are insignificant in liciglityet they have a complicated orographic feature. Of the numerous ranges in the land, we will here mention four distinct parallel ridges running from E. to W. The northernmost Mi-ryong Ridge which begins at N. of Eun-san, runs in the equatorial direction almost parallel to the strike of the Paleozoic strata, forming Mi-rang and Chai-ryong, and joins to the north of the granite ridge of Paik-tu-san, The next Range, lying on the south of the above and forming the watershed of North-and South Tai-dong-gang, starts E. of Phyong-yang, passes Chyoi-ryong-san, and then runs further eastward, almost parallel to the strike of the Palaeozoic strata, the average height being 500 — 800 m. The greatest elevation occurs in the granite region on the boundary of South Phydng-an-do and Kyong-geui-do, where rises Ha-ram-san more than 1300 m in height.

The Chyo-il-lying Ridge, starting in the midway between Chh\ ung-hoa and I luang-jyu, runs from Syu-san and Tai-chhyong-san to the solitary granite 6n-jin-san over 1 100 m. It stretches further eastward in the strike of the Palaeozoic strata from to Paing-nydn-san on the boundary of Hoang-hai-do and Ham-gydngdo

, and forms the watershed between Tai-dong-gang and Yoi-syonggang.

The My6r-ak-san Ridge traverses the middle Hoang-hai-do. Beginning at Chyang-san-kot, it passes from Pul-da-san of the Palaeozoic through a gnebs region to over 800 m. of granite. After being cut by Yoi-song-gang, it rises again on the east, forming the Palaeozoic Tai-dun-san and Syu-ryong-san (over €00 m.) on the boundary of Hoang-lisudo and Ky5ng-geui-do.

On the boundary of South Phyong-an-do and southern South Ham-gydng-do, we can follow a range running N.E.— S.W. whose geo-tectonic relation with others is not clear.

Besides those ranges, w e have many other ridges in the peninsula, though they are often interrupted by rivers and inlets.

In short. North Korea is mountainous or plateauic, forming high and precipitous ranges over m. and givin; gigantic and rugged features to the landscape. Consequently the plains and hills are limited only to small patches along the valleys and coast, except an area of the Paheo-Chyo-syon Land. On the other hand, South Korea, with the exception of the eastern coast and the boundary districts consists of hills, or broad plains of rich and fertile soil lying among them.

II. Hydrography.

Tlie rivers of Korea flow naturally in tliree directions. As the meridional ranges lie close to the eastern coast, almost all the rivers that empty into the Sea of Japan are necessarily short, excepting one, the Tu mun-gang, on the northern boundary.

North Korea. — Tu-mun-gang flow in opposite directions towards W.S.W. and E.N.E. respectively. The Mathyol-ryong Range forms tlieir watershed, Tu-mun-gang having a

lO

much shorter course than Am-nok-gang. Along their tributaries in the peninsula, they form narrow cafions or foaming gullies, and we

can scarcely find a single broad plain watered by any of them.

As the consequence of the situation of the Myo-hyang-san Range and Ham-gong Range, the rivers, pouring into the Sea of Japan, do not form large streams, though they often hinder local communications during the rainy season, without offering the advantages of navigation. Among them, the five rivers, Peuk-tai-chhyon, Nam-taichhyon, Sin-tai-chhydn, Syong-chhyon-gang and Yong-hung-ha

are worthy of notice.

Among tile rivers that cmjity into the Yellow Sea, Tai-nyonggrang, Chhyong-chhydn-gang, Tai-dong-gang, and Ydi sydng*gang are large and navigable. The Tai-nj ong-gang flows down southwards from Kal-CLing-yong Ridge, and in passing the environs of Pak-chhydn, it turns to the southwest anjd unites with the . Chhyc )ng-chhy6n-gang near the mouth. On its upper courses, the mountains standing close to the banks, the river has scarcely any plain on either side, but on the south of Thai-chhydn, it enters into a plain and is navigable to the north of the town.

The Chhydng-chhydn-gang rises in the -)ru-rydng Ridge Its main course is S.W., leaving a few plains along the banks, till

Syoi-chhyang, N.W. of Kat-chhydni is reached. The district over Syoi-chhyang to the mouth is a vast fertile plain. It receives on the west of Sy5i-chhyang a large tributary, the Ku* ry6ng-gang, which runs down southward from Ha-nu-ryong. It is navigable by steamer up to An-jyu j by junk up to Heui-chhyon along the main course and also up to 15 ri along the Kuryong-gang. The Chhyong-chhyon-gang from Nam-djyon, E. of

I. Jpane3e measure of length, i ri 03927, 27 meters.

u Kju.o i.y

Ydiig.pyan, runs in a straight line to its mouth. Its 'southern

part is made up of the Palaeozoic, and the general strike of gneiss differs in its N. and S. From this fact, we may conclude that the lower Chhydng-chhydn'gang flows down along a fault, which seems to correspond to the escarpment of Prof. Koto's Tu-kai Ridge.

South Phyong-an*do is . drained by the Tai-dong-gang, whose main coui rises iii the soiith of Nang-nim-san and runs down westsouthwestward, receiving numerous tributaries in its course. Keceiving large affiuents, the Fi-ryu-gang and South Tai-dong-gang, it grows broader and deeper, and near its mouth it joins the navigable Chai-rydng-gang. Large steamers can go up to Kyom-i-phb, launches up to Fhyoag-yang and junks up to Ko-dong of £un-san, N. of Apeun-san Mine, in the main course, to Sydng-chhydn in Pi-ryugang and Mun song-yang of Kok-san, 30 ri from Phyong-yang, in South Tai-dong'gang.

Ydi-sydng-gang, that drains east Hoang-hai-do, flows southward and is navigable for launches to Chyo-pho, 6 ri from the mouth, during the high tide. Im-jin-ang, taking rise at S. of Ma-sing-yong

, in runs down to southsouth westward, collecting waters in Chyuk-ka-ryongGraben, and enters Han-gang, after receiving a large affluent which drains Phyong-gang and Thyol-uon in Kang-iin-do.

South Korea. — As the Tai paik-san Range stretches near the eastern coast, the rivers that flow into the Sea of Japan are necessarily short. The larger of them have their longer course in the direction from N. to S., perhaps running along the faults. On the contrary, we can enumerate laie rivers that enipty into the Yellow Sea and straight to the south. The general direction of these rivers is S.W. or S.S.W. oris at right angles to it, only Nak-tong-gang between the Syo-p&ik-san and Tai-paik-san Ranges, flowing down from north to

Diyiiized by

south. Broad fertile plains are found everywhere along the rivers and the coast.

Han-gang, the largest and longest river in Korea, drains the southern Kyong-geui-do, western North Chhyung-chhyong-do ind Kang-udn-do. Its northern main course takes rise in the Tai-paiksan Range near Iloi-yang and passing through Keum-song and Nang-chhyon, and receiving two large tributaries) Syo-yang-gang at ChhyunHihhydn and Hong-chhydn-gang at the south of Ka-hydng, it is joined by the southern main course. Tlie southern main course, which rises in Tai-koan-yong of the l ai-paik-san Range, and collects the waters of southern Kang-udn-do, runs down southward, and turns west in North Chhyung-chhyong-do on passing Cliyong-sy5n and Yong-uol. Draining the plains of Ydng-€hh3mn, Tan-yang, Chhydng-phung, it again turns to N.W. and joins the northern course, w here it swells into a wide and deep stream. After winding gently round the south of Seoul, it receives the great Im-jin-gang near its mouth and enters into the sea to the north of Kang-hoa Island. Launches can be used to the south of Seoul and junks to Nang-<:hhydn through Chhyun-chhyon in the northern main course and Ydng-chhyun in the southern.

Keym-gang takes rise in the boundary district of Chyol-la-do with Kyong-sang'do and runs down to the north. It turns west in the district between Chhyong-san and Ok-chhy5n and receives a large affluent at Von-gi, which flows southward along the eastern foot of the Chhya-ry5ng Range. It again turns southward at Kong- ]yu and after passing through Pu-y6 and Sy6k-sy6ng, it turns S.W., and enters into the sea, the port of Kun-san harbour being situated near its mouth. From Kun-san to Kang-gydng, the river is navigable for launches and to Pu-gang station through Kongjyu for junks.

The Yong-gang which rises in Chhyu-uol-san of the No ryong

Range, runs down S.S W., and draining the plains of Koang-jyu and Na-jyu, and receiving a laie tributary at the north of Na-jyu, it turns to the S.W. Mok-plio is a port situated at its mouth. For junks, it is navigable to Yong-aan-pho, 12 ri from Mok-pho

The Sydm-jin-gang which rises in Man-ddk-san of the No-ry5ng Range, runs down S.W. and turns to the south at N.W. of Kal-dan and then ain to the S.£. It is fed by numerous tributaries, two of which deserve mention. One has its source in the Range and drains Nam-uon and Kok-song and the other rises in the Han-san Range on the southern coast and runs N.E.

The Nak-tong-gang, bounded by the watersheds of the Noryong, Syo-paik-san and Tai-paik-san Ranges, drains ahiiost all part of K6yng-sang-do, except a narrow area along the sea coast. Two large streams joining at the south of Yong-gung, are its main courses, which run directly S. Receiving the Yong-gang, the largest affluent in the south of Chhyang-ny5ng, it waxes into a great and wide stream and then turns to the £. on encountering the Han-san Range along the southern coast. As its main course in North Ky( )ngsyang-do flows near the Syo-paik-san Range, the tributaries that flow from the Tai-paik-san Range, are long and large, and form wide drain age areas and gentle streams, while those from the Syo-paik-san Range are comparatively short and form rather a rapid current. In South Kyong-sang-do, though it flows in the middle of two ranges, the tributaries from the El. are shorter and more rapid as the river turns to the £. It is navigable as far as Nak-tong, 45 from its mouth.

Generally speaking, the rivers seem to follow the same direction as the mountain ranges ; that is, they seem to have sought their easiest course along the faults, resulting from the earth-disturbances which the mountain ranges have also suffered.

. Kj .. od by

'4

III. Coast Line.

TIic eastern coast is generally abruptly cut off and borders the sea with cliffs, pQor in indentation. The western and southern coasts, on the contrary, have numerous inlets and islands, forming several excellent harbours.

Eastern Coast. — Nan-to Bay (Ung-keui Bay) lies near the northern boundary and Chyo-sydn Bay in the middle, with the port of Gen-san (Won-san) in the S.W. of the bay. Yong-il Bay is situated in the middle of The northern coast of Yong-il peninsula plunges sheer and steep into the sea, the prolongation of the coast line passes through Yong-il plain and is connected with the main course of the Keum-ho-gang, a tributary of the Naktoing-gang, in a straight line, which seems to correspond to a fault.

Western Coast. — On the north lies Korea Bay, the Chhyongchhyon-gang emptying its waters in the north of the bay and the Taidong-gang in the south. The wellknown harbour of Chin-nam-pho is situated at the mouth of the Tai-dong-gang. At the middle \vc see the large Kang-hoa Bay, on the north of which Hai-jyu Bay indents further landward, and on the south, Nam-yang Bay. At the east 'of the Kang-hoa Bay there lies the important Che-niul-pho, surrounded by numerous islands. On S. of Kang-hoa Bay, Nai-pho enters deeply toward N., and is sheltered on the west by the Thaian peninsula and An-myon-do. Though we see numerous inlets, on the south, yet they are all shallow and . marshy and are not fit for the anchorage of large steamers, except the port of at the mcjuth of the Yong-gang, sheltered by promontories and islands, though its entrance is very narrow and dangerous.

Islands'are not abundant at the north of the Chyang-san-kot, the western promontory of Hoang-hai-do, yet there lie more than

uiyiiiuLi Uy

ten islands arranged in a row at the mouth of the Chhyong-chhyoni gang and the Tai-dong-gang aiid the south-western coast ol Hoangliai-do, the largest being Sin-nii-do at the mouth of the Chhyongchhyon-gang* In Kang-hoa Bay, we see numerous islands, arranged in the directions, E.— W. and N.E.— S.W., the largest being Kanghoa Island at the mouth of the Han-gang. Numerous islands in rows, generally running N.E. or N.N.E.— S.W. or S.S.W., are scattered from the south of Kang-hoa Bay to Mok-pho. Indeed* the arrange ment of the islands must have some intimate relation with the formation of the mountain ranges, for the both directions are generally same. As the harbours lie in the mouth of large rivers they are shallow and marshy and not very suitable for the anchorage of large steamers or for communication with the lands. Chin-nam-pho- Che-mul-pho, Kun-san and Mok-pho are noteworthy here.

Southern Coast.— The Southern coast ranks first in coastal development .and it has intimate connections with Porf. Kot6's Korean and Hansan Ranges. Indentations, promontories and islands lie in the same direction with those mountain ranges, that is, in the two directions of N. — S. and E. by N. — W. by S, Generally the bays are protected from the wind, being sheltered by the promontories and islands at the front, and form excellent natural harbours, the depth of the sea-bottom being often suitable for the anchorage of large steamers. The famous Ma-san Bay and Chin-hai Bay encroaches further on the land with Ko-jyoi Island in front. In the west of Chin hai Bay there lie Chin-jyu Bay and Koang-yong Bay, separated by Nam-hai Island. Though they are sheltered by the island and peninsulas, yet they are rather shallow for the anchorage of large steamers, as the. Syom-jin-gang and other rivers discharge their silt into them. Still to the west, we see two large inlets, Syun-chhyon Bay and Po-song Bay, separated

by Heung-yang peninsula, their sea bottom being rather shallow, the latter of only 4 — 5 fathoms. Kang-jin Bay lies west of the latter, sheltered by O-an-do. Fu-san (Pu-san) sheltered by Ch3r5l- yong*do is the entrance port of Korea from the south and has facilitated communications between our Empire and the peninsula.

Among many hundreds of islands we can enumerate some large ones: K6-jydi-do, Nam-hai-do, Chin-do and the largest Chyoijyu-do etc.

Chapter Iii. Geology.

The rocks which enter into the structure of Korea may bd classified as follows :

I. Gneiss. II. Palaeozoic.

IV. Tertiary. V. Quaternary.

2. Alluvium. VI. Granite.

VII. Porphyry.

VIII. Porphyrite.

IX. Andesite and its Agglomerate.

X. Basalt.

The foundation of Korea is formed of gneiss, which is often accompanied by large masses of granite. Its distribution is so wide that the area of over one half of the whole peninsula is composed of it. The Palaeozoic comprises four formations. The Kun-san Formation is considered to be the lowest and is only found in the envirofin of Kun-san. This Formation as well as the Phyllite Formation, includes a number of rocks of different characters, all of which have common habits of being intensely metamorphosed. Their mutual relation is however of a puzzling question. The Phyllite Formation occupies a few detached patches and might represent a part of Kichthofcn's Ta-ku-shan Formation, but we can not find an unconforroability with the overljng Korean Formation. The Korean Formation appears in two large areas in South Phyong-ando and besides in smaller scattered areas, Jt partly presents Richthofen's Sinian Formation, the greater j art being deep-sea facies vith limestone in predominance. I propose to call this Formation the Korean Formation in contradistinction to the Sinian Formation, with which the relation is not yet clearly ascertained. The Fusulina Limestone is a thick complex of limestone, a part of w hich contains Fusulina 'acrina etc. It forms low karst-lilce plateaux, quite different from mountains formed of limestone of the Korean Formation. The Mesozoic occupies a wide area in Kyong-sang-do, and else here in small scattered areas, generally deposited in the basins of the older rocks. By the evidence of the fossil flora, discovered in Kyong-sang-do and South Phyong-an-do, the strata were ascertained to belong to the Jurassic. During the long interval between the Archaean and Mesozoic eras, great eruptions and intrusions of granite, porphyr}- and porphyrite took place very frequently and the present configuration of Korea was already shaped before the beginning of the Tertiary era. The Tertiary

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t8

occupies only a few small areas on th6 eastern coast and the

Quaternary forms terraces and plains along ri\ eri and coasts. The volcanic activity of the Cainozoic era is only displayed in the conspicuous basalt flow in the north and a few andesite and 'basalt intrusions or flows. Plate I (fig. i and 2) contains profiles of the southern and middle parts of Korea which enable us to understand the general disposition of different rocks represented.

I, Gneiss.

The gneiss, as already stated, has the extension in the peninsula and occupies three large areas, beside small scattered patches. It consists mainly of granite-gneiss, interbanded with biotite-gneiss, hornblende-gneiss, mica-schist and sometimes with quartz-schist, pyroxene-schist and crystalline limestone. The schis> tosity is often not distinct, and difficult to distingubh from schistose granite.

I. Northern Area. — The gneiss occupies a large area in the north, extending on North Phydng-an-do and South Ham-gydng-do. It consists principally of homblende-granite-gneiss and biotitcgranite-gneiss with two-mica-gneiss, hornblede-gueiss and biotitegneiss. Two-mica-gneiss is especially developed in the gneiss in the south of An-jyu and the environs of Yong-py5n and Wi-jyu Garnet is abundantly found in granite-gneiss or biotite-gneiss in the east and south of Ui-u5n and the environs of Ty5ng-j3ai and Ka-san, and eye-gneiss with large felspar crystals is found at Kal-eung-yong Range between the south of Chhyong-song in Ui-jyu and the south of Sak-jyu and Thok-)ni-ryong Range from Kui-song to Un-san

In Phyong-an-do, the general strike of gneiss is E.N.I'.— W.S.W. with the dip of N.N.VV, 6o''-70% but sometimes S.S.E., forming anticltnals and synclinals. In Ham-gydng-do it runs from N.E. to

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S.\V. but in the area enclosed by Kap-san, Peuk-chhyong and Tan chhyou, it iiolds the general strike N. — S., and between Pu-rying, Mu-san and Hoi-rydng it strikes almost from east to west. . '

The district which stretches from the south of An-jyu southwards along the coast of South Phyong an-do consists mainly of granite-gneiss intercalated with two mica-schist and biotite-gneiss. Its strike seems to run parallel to the boundary line with younger formations, that is, in the north it is N — S or N.N.E. — S.S.W.. and in the south N.N.W. — S.S.E., generally dipping to the <ast. " i

2. Middle Area. — The large area of the gneiss of North Chhyung-chhyong-do and Kang-u6n-do, is separated by an enormous mass of granite into two parts. The rocks are similar to those >found in the northern area. Eye-gneiss, large felspar crystals measuring I — 3 inches, is found in the environs of Yang-yang. . We see granite-gneiss intercalating fine grained mica-schist at Chhya-ryong Range of the south of Seoul, and dark green chlorite-biotite-schist at Chik-san jxiine.

The schistosity is not always distinct but the strike seems to be ' generally N.N.E— S.S.W, often N.E. — S.W. and sometimes E.N.E.— N.S.W. The dip is generally W.SAV. 4o'-5o'* but sometimes E.N.E.

3. Southern Area. — The gneiss which extends in Chhy5Wado and in the west and north of Kyong-sang-tlo, like the areas above consists mainly of granite-gneiss intercalated with gneisses of different characters and intruded by abundant dikes and sheet-s of porphyries and porphyritcs. 1 shall describe here some rock fades worthy of notice. The tract from the east of Mu-jyu eastwards is composed of biotitite-gneiss, hornblende-gneiss, two-mica-gneiss, hornblende-schist and lacking granite-gneiss. mica-gneiss, some of which contain tourmaline and garnet, is developed between Chin-an-and Chyang-gyoi-yang, about 5 ri east of Chin-an.. ; Garnet-

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muscovite-gneiss is fouiul betw ccn Ku-ryoi and Kok sung and muacovite-gneiss between Pon-hoa and Yoi-an in north Kydng syangdo. Hypersthene-blotite-gneiss at the south of Pok-nai-yang, north of ro sung, augitc-hornblende-ljiotitegneiss at Sai-mok, southwest of Syong-jyu, augite-gneiss at in (Ma-gok Chin-po), augite-biotitegneiss at Pong-hoa, augite-schist at the south of Keumgu and graphite-biotite-gneiss at \'ang-bang, west of Ilam-chhyang, will be here mentioned. Beside the rocks mentioned above we see biotite-schist and quartz-schist, which do not generally form a thick complex. The characteristic of gneiss of Chi-ri-san and its environs is the presence of large crystals of white and red felspar measuring 5—6 inches.

The general strike seems to be N.N.E. — S.S.W. in the south and middle and N.E.-S.W. in the north and east of Chyol-la-do, and the dip is generally N.W. or S.E.

II. i'AL.LUZOlC.

In Palaiozoic I include some metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Though their geological horizon and consequently their ages are not yet thoroughly worked out on the palseontologicat ground, we can classify them into four formations by their petrographical and stratigraphical relations.

The Formation which stretches from Kunsan 'eastwards to liani-yol consists mainly of mica-schist, hornblende-schist, itli thin layers off quartz-schist. At the environs of Kun-san, mica-schist alternates with hornblende-schist and often decomposes into red or brown clay. The strike is E, — W. dipping steeply to S. or almost vertically. In. the west of Ham-y61, mica-schist predominates, alternating with quartz-schist and hornblende-schist. The strike

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t

isE.N.E. — W.S.W, and the dip is almost vertical. The rocks are all highly metamorphosed and some resemble crystalUiie schists of the gneiss. In connection with Phyllite Formation I venture to describe the complex preliminarily under the Palaeozoic, and to call it the Kun-san Formation, until more detailed study in the future modify the view. Its relation with the Phyllite Formation is quite ambiguous, but it seems to me that the rocks belonging to the former are much more metamorphosed than the Phyilites.

J. Phyllite Formation,

The Phyllite Formation consists of mica-schist, hornblendeschist, quartz-schist and phyllite, and greatly resembles the Kun-san Formation, though the rocks are much less metamorphosed than those of the latter. A part of this formation seems to represent certain horizon of the Ta-ku-shan Formation, as seen in the environs of Sang-nydng.

Along the coast between \'u-sync and l*u-ku, about ri north of Kyong-song, in North Ham-gong-do, the alternation of chlorite-phyllite and graphite-phylUte together with felspar phyllite are found. They dip N.E. 25° at the east of Vusyong.

In the environs of An-hyop, Thyoi-uon, Sang-ny5ng, Yonchbydn near the boundary district of Kyong-geui-do and Kang-u5n- do, the Phyllite Formation is overlaid conformably by the lower part of the Korean Formation. The upper horizon consists mainly 'of black phyllite and the lower of mica-schist, sometimes with chlorite-schist, the strike being N. 80' E. and the dip northwards.

The small scattered area in Chyol-la-do is composed of quartzscliist, muscovite-quartz-schist and thin layers of limestone, beside hornblende-schist, niica-scliist and phyllite.

Between Yo-san and Chin-san, mica-schist, quartz-schist and black phyllite with thin beds of limestone are found. Mica-schist

develops well near Vo-san, quartz-schist at the north of Ko-san and black phyllite in the region of Yo-san and Chin-an. A somewhat thick bed of limestone is found oh Thy6ii-hon. The strikes of the strata is generally — W.S.W. The dip is N. or S. 40' — 3o

forniing' anticlmals and synclinals, or sometimes vertical. ' "' At Hydn-nXi; -southeast of Keum-san, is found an alternation of mica-schist and quartz-schist, intercalating thin beds of crystalline limestone, with steep inclination toward N.N.W.

A small area at the north of Mu-jyu consists of hornblendeschist, quartz-schist and phyllite with the strike of £.N.£. — W.S.W. forming a synclinal in the middle.

Between Ham-phyong and Mu-an there develop quartz-schist, quartz-muscovite- schist .wid phyllite, generally quartz-schist in the north -and phyllite in the south.

The long extended area from Tong-pok to Ok-koa is composed of a thick complex of quartz-schist, quartz-muscovite-schist, phyllite and schalstein. Quartz-schist, phyllite and schalstein are found at the southwest of Tonj-p jk, and at Tok-chhi spotted hornblendeschist alternates with quartz -schist, intercalating metamorphosed sandstone and phyllite, and dips steeply toward W. N. W. Chhogyoi-san which stands at the east of the upper Syom-jin-gang, E. of S>'un-chhyang, is composed mainly of quartz-schist and quartzmuscovite-schist, with interbedded black and green phyllite, the dip being E. or E.S.E. 40"— 70.° It overlies gneiss unconformably and extends further toward north and south. een Syun-chhyang and Ok-koa the alternating strata of biotite-schist, muscovite-schist, spotted biotitc-schist, graphite schist and quartz-schist dip to S. 35,* and seem to be much more metamorphosed than those stated above, but I can not recognise any sharp division-line between them, so that I have classified them under the same formation.

The rocky range in the south of Kang-jin and Chyang-heung consists mainly of quartz-schist and muscovite quartz-schist whicU run from E.N.E. tb W.S:W following the direction of the mountain range, with general dip toward N.N.W. Tlic topographic and geologic features are quite similar to those of Ciiho-gyoi-san.

j: Korean FdmUttion,

The lower part of the Korean Fornuition consists mainly o£ quartzite* dayslate and sandstone, and the upper of :and marl. Quartzite'is white or greyish whit; hard and compact clayslate generally black but often greenish ; sandstone fine to coarsegrained, generally grey in color and .often passes into conglomerate i and limestone is massive,' being black or dark grey in color. These rocks partly suffer metamorpliism, and consequently quartzitc sometimes passes into quartz-schist, and clayslate to ,inica-schist, while limestone is often schistose and crystalline. ' The Formation is considered to represent Canibro-Silurian, but without sufficient Palaeontologicai grounds, only by its similarity with the Sintan Formation and the imperfect fossils in North Phyong-an-do-.

The wide area in South Thyong-an-do and Iloang-hai-do and in the northern corner of Kydng-geui-do and Kang-udn-do, :c.onsists o quartzite, clayslate and sandstone with thin beds of limestone in the lower horizon, and limestone and marl in the upper. The distribu tion of the lower horizon is rather limited or it is generally developed in the margins ; that is, from Chhy6ng-chhyon-gang to the neighborhood of Chho-eum-yong, north of \'()ng" uon ; environs of Syunchhyon and Cha-san ; from Nam-djyon of Syong-chhyon to the south, of Maing-san ; from the north of Pong-san to the road between Syuan and Syo-heung ; near Mun song-yang, north of Kok-san, the environs of Sang-nydng and Keum-song. The remaining parts are mainly composed of thick beds of limestone and marl; intercatat-

Diyiiized by

ing thin clayslate, rarely sandstone, conglomerate and schalstcin. Clayslate along the margin is often metamorphosed and is schistose, sometimes passing into mica-schist or chlorite-schist. Quartz-schist and schistose limestone are found in the environs of Sang-nycing and Keum-song. The limestone of So-min-dong of Y6ng-pyon, northwest of T5k-chhydn, contains indeterminable fossils, considered as corals. In the pass between Tok-chhyon and Yong-uon and in the environs of To-mak-dong of Maing-san wormy limestone is found.

The strike differs in the north and south of the Chyo-il lying Range, showing the existence of a great fault along the mountain axis. In the south it is £. — W. with two or three foldings, while in the north it is generally W.N.W.— E.S.E. but often E.— W. or E.N.E. — W.S.VV. with many foldings and faults, being more disturbed than the former.

Near gneiss it is often N. ~S. instead of being E.— W. and the <lip is W. in the eastern part and E. in the western ; that is, the strike generally shows the confidence along the boundary line withgneiss, while in the middle part it holds the folding axis of E. — W., the formation being deposited in the basin of gneiss.

The Korean Formation which extends from Kang-neung and San-chhydk on the eastern coast, further south westward to Chh3mng< jyu, generally holds the strikeof N. 40° — 60' E. The dip is sometimes N.W. or S.E., forming many foldings. But in the district, a few ri around Ny5ng-udl, the strike is N. — S., and the dip is generally W. SO°-6d' or often vertical. Near the eastern coast the Formation is olttn so disturbed, that we can hardly find out the general strike.

The rocks are clayslate, sandstone, conglomerate, schalstein and limestone, and lack (juaitzite in tlie lowest horizon. Limestone forms thick deposits in the area, bounded by Ny5ng-uol and Chyuchhydn, W.N.W. of Nong-uSl and also by Chhydng-phung and

. Tan-yang. In the southwest of the area clayslatc seems to be much developed. These rocks have often suffered contact-metamorphism by such as granite, porphyry and porphyrite. In the south and west of Kang-neung chiastolite and mica are produced in clayslate. Between Chhyung-jyu and Yon-phung clayslate becomes hard and dark grey and andalusite is produced in limestone Clayslate in the environs of Cheung-yak, west of Ok-chhyon, contains abundant mica.

Small detached areas in Ham-gong-dOf that is, in the environs of Kap-san, the west of Ydng-heung and Udn-san, consist mainly of the alternation of clayslate and sandstone, intercalating quartzite, limestone and marl. By the intrusion of granite, clayslate and limestone have suffered contact-metamorphism, tlie former becoming schistose with abundant mica produced and the latter crystalline with andalusite and other contact minerals. The strike is N. - S. in the environs of Kap-san and N.E. — S.W. in the west of Ydng-heung and Uon san. The strata are much disturbed and have a complex geological structure.

The many scattered patches in the north of North Phyong-ando consist of quartzite, clayslate, schalstein and Umestone, deposited in the basin of the gneiss.

The Formation extending from Man-pho-chin of Kang-gydi to Cha-song occupies rather a wide area. The limestone with intercalation of coral and wormy limestone constitutes the region between Mn-pho-chin and Hoa-dong, and schalstein with clayslate forms the northern part of the region given above. 1 he strike is E-N.E.— W.S.W. and the dip S.S.E.

Small patches on the tops of the mountains between Huchhyang and Cha-song consist of dark-green schalstein.

Between Hu-chhyang and Kang5i the rocks are schalstein, clayslate and limestone, the latter being developed mainly in the

south. The intrusion of granite caused a mctamorphism in limestone and copper deposits-are found along their contact-zone. The strike is N.— S. and the dip is E. or W. in the eastern or the western side of the granite respectively.

In the north of Kang-gyoi the thick beds of limestone dip to the south. In' the east and west ol the same town, wc find sandstone, conglomerate antl clayslate, with the strike E.N.K. — W.S.W., forming an anticlinal fold.

In the north of Pydl-hai-chhami south of Kang-gyoi, we find quart/ite, dipping S.S.E. lo" — 30°. In Ib-sydk-cham, sandstone and conglomerate alternate with clayslate, running from E.N.E. to W.S.W. and forming an anticline at the middle.

In the area extending south ards from I*i-u6n and Chho-san quartzite with thin clayslate forms the lowest horizon and is overlaid by clayslate which accompanies lenticular limestone. Between Uiuon and Chho-san schalstein and clayslate with limestone overlay clayslate and the uppermost horizon of limestone with clayslate comes on next while in the south of Chho-san limestone directly overlays clayslate. In the former case, limestone is rather thin, but the latter, limestone with marl forms thick beds. From Ui-udn Southwest ward to the west of Kal-goMyong, the uppermost horizon of limestone w ith wormy limestone is developed, the strike being N.N.E. — S.S.W. and forming an anticline and a syndine. In the north of Chho-san and the opposite bank beyond the river, the thick beds of limestone and marl dip gently toward N.E. From the south of Chho-san quartzite and clayslate are found to be developed, until at Hu-chi-dong they are again overlaid by thick limestone and marl. Dr. Gottsche has discovered fossil trilobites at the south of Chho-san. In the environs of Paik-ko-rydng crops out again wormy limestone with red and granular limestone. A small patch at the south of

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the district consists of qiiartzite and clayslat, dipping \V.

In the northeast of Pydk-dong ive see quartzite and limestone which extend further northward into Manchuria, beyond the Am-nok-gang.

Along the Chhydng-chhyan-gang, south of Yong-pydri and m

the environs of An-jyu, and clayslate w ith thin beds of limestone dip to north. : . .

Along the western coast of Hoang-hai-do limestone and marl of the upper horizon is found, but the Myor-ak-san Rane in the south of Ciiyang-yon is composed of quartzite and xiayslate. : The strike is here E.lSl.E.— W.S.W.

Near Mun-gong in North Kyong-sang-do alternating strata of sandstone, conglomerate and schalstein with thin beds of limestone are found. They overlay gneiss unconformably and dip to N.N.W. 50*. Limestone is grey or greyish black in color and some contain indeterminable fossil remains which are small, elliptical or globular. Clayslate near gneiss often passes into phyllite.

From the facts above stated we may conclude that the Formation consists of quartzite in the lower part, clayslate and sandstone in the middle, and limestone and marl in the upper. In each areas above mentioned, the whole of the complex seems not to have been developed, sometimes only one or two horizons being found.

Fusttlina Limestone.

The low plateau which stretches from the east of Phyong-yang southwestward to the south, fringing the margins around the mountains of eastern South Phyong-an-do and Hoang-hai-do, which is composed of the Korean Formation, consists in the main of thick beds of limestone with clayslate, the latter being observed southwards from Cliyung-hoa. Limestone is black or dark grey in color

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but is generally colored by red or brown clay resulting from decomposition of the same, consequently any good exposure is rare. It often contams jFusuUnoi and that found at Ma-tatsan, west of Sam-dung, is especially rich in Fusulina, together with Gastropoda. The following fossils were collected by Messrs. T. Iki and N. Fukuchi and determined by Mr. N. Yabc :

At Kai ka-dong on the southern side of Mu-ro-san, east of Phyong-yang, beyond Tai-dong-gang ;

Fusulina sp. indet aff. Richihifeniy Schwager. At Ko-pan-san, the cast of Phycing-yang, on the southern bank of Tai-dong-gang :

FusuUua sp. indet. aff. Rickthofenit Schwager. Stachcia.

Bigenerina Bradyi MoUer sp. Lagena sp.

At Ma-tal-san : — Numerous minute shells of J 'oramini/cra, some of which probably belong to the young of Fusulina, Mr. Yabe considers the fossil-bearing strata to be referable to the Anthracolitic.

The strike is not often distinct. In the southern part or the environs of Chyung-hoa, the dip is S. W. 30'— 45*; on the way between Phyong-yang and Sam-dung the strike is E. — W. or W. N.W.— E. S.E. dipping N. and S. and in the northern part, as Udl-pha, the dip is S. E. 3o*— 40

As to its relation with coal-bearing strata the observations of our geologists does not come into agreement, but from the paleontological evidence it is possible to suppose the existence of an unconformability between them.

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The Mesozoic occupies a wide area in Kydng-syangdo anil

rather small detached areas over the whole peninsula.

In Kyong-sang-do the stratigraphical order of rocks, from the upper to the lower, is as follows :

Clayslate formation.

Upper schalsteiu formation.

Upper sandstone and clayslate formation.

Low er schalstein formation.

Lower sandstone and clayslate formation. The lower sandstone and clayslate formation of the lowest horizon occupies the western part of the Mesozoic and overlays gneiss unconformably. The mountains composed of gneiss are often rounded and covered by red or brown soil, while those of the Forma* tion arc subjected to the eharacteristic erosion, formin; clip-slope near their tops and covered by dark soil. Consequently the boundary between the two is quite distinct, the unconformability being easily recognised from a distance, especially near In-dong and Tansy5ng. The rocks are sandstone, conglomerate and clayslate. In the environs of Syong-jyu and Tan-song sandstone and conglomerate form a thick deposit, intercalating thin clayslate. At Ka-chhi, north of Hyop-chhyon and at Hoang-chhi, west of Kon-yang, sandstone alternates with cla> slate; but the former seems to be more thick* Generally speaking, sandstone and conglomerate lie directly upon gneiss and always form much thicker beds than clayslate. Clayslate in the lower part is sometimes carbonaceous and carries plant fossils. Mr. Vabe has discovered and determined the following fossils near Nak-tong :

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Niiss&nia orientaHs Hr. Nilssonia sp. Diaonites ? ) sp. Ctenophylbim f ? ) sp. Podozamites Reinii Geyler. laneeolatus (Lindle & Hut ton**. Pinus sp.

Onychiopsis ehngata (Geyler). . Cofiiopteris Herianus C. hyinenophylloides (Brongn). ( ? ). Cladophlebis cfr. denticulata (Brongn). C, Koraiensis Yabe. C. cfr. Diinkt ri (Schimpei). C sp.

Sphenopteris mtktmnsis Yabe. 5. sp

Adiantites Sewardi Yabe. Sagenopteris bilobata Yabe* lujuisc liun iis/iinia? i )isi Vok. The plant fossils which I have discovered in the southern foot of KaHhht. is of one species :

( hiythiopsis c/ongnta "(Geyler). From these paUeontologicai data Mr. N. Yabe has conchtdcil the plant-bearing strata to belong to the* Jurassic.

The upper part of the Formation alternates with thin schaLstein and gradually passes to the lower schalstein formation. The lower schalstein formation is mainly composed of schalstein with thin layers of sandstone and clayslatc. Schalstein is generally violet, sometimes green or variegated and forms a low and narrow hilly tract in middle Kydi-sang-do, the region trending from Chin-j3m

Diyiiized by

northward to the east of Ko-ryong through op-chhyon and Chhogyoi.

The upper sandstone and clay slate formation has no peculiar: ities. when compared with the lower, but in general clayslate is much more thick than sandstone, though the total thickness of the deposits is much less than the lower sandstone and clayslate formation. It passes directly to the upper schalstein.

The upper schalstein formation has also no peculiarities which distinguish it from the lower. The Formation extends from Pansyong, east of Chin-jyu, northward to Chhyan-nycing and Tai-ku and then northeastward to Sil-long and Eui-heung and together with the foregoing lower schalstein, and upper sandstone and clayslate formation, forms a low and hilly landscape in middle Kyong-sang-do'.

The lower schalstein formation does not occur in thick beds especially in the northern part, so that the upperschalstein forma* tion often overlies directly the thick deposits of sandstone and clayslate or it becomes gradually thin in the north, making no conspicuous deposit.

The uppermost clayslate formation is a thick deposit of clayslate with thin layers of sandstone, and forms a part of the Tai-paiksaiv Range. The strata which forms the steep and rugged mountains in Kim-hai, Chhil-u5n and Y6ng-san, is disturbed by great eruptions of granite and porphyrite, and reappears in Kyong-jyu and Ydng-chhyan. Its boundary with the lower schalstein formation may be traced, as the topographic features of both formations are somewhat different. It begins from the mountains between Chhyongha and Heung-hai and passes westward to Ydng-chhydn and Sillyong. It then turns southward and runs from the west of Hy6n- phung through the west of Chhyang-yong and Kun-peuk, cast of Pan-song, to the west of Ko-sy5ng.

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In the north of Kyong-sang-do schalstein is developed alternating vv itli cla} slate and sandstone. On the road bctu ecn Vungyang and Chin-po two thin beds of marly limestone are found.

It is noteworthy that clayslate in the uppermost horizon, especially that in the environs of Chhyang-uon, is black or green, hard and compact, sometimes siliceous or homstone-Ukei and seems to be much more metamorphosed than that lying below, which is often loose and slialy. This fact is perhaps due 'to the contactmetamorphisms of granite, porphyry and porphyrite, which occur very often through the Formation.

As tlie Mcsozoic is not much disturbed, the structure is rather simple. The general strike is N.N.E. — S.S.W. or N. — S. The dip is quite j,angle with general angles of — 20' toward the east. It is sometimes subjected to foldings or disloc.itions. But in tlie north we often observe the strike E. — W. or E.N.E. — W.S.W., the dip being toward the S.

Dykes and sheets of porphyry and porphyrite, besides large eruptions of granite, porphyry and porphyrite, are very frequent. The rocks are often subjected to contact-metamorphism, thereby the sandstone and clayslate in the east of Ha-tong and the clayslate in Syang-gydi have eventually become fine and hard, and some-are found to contain mica, being due to the contact-action of purphyry on the sandstone and of granite on the clayslate.

The strata extending from northeast to southwest in the middle part of ChyoHa-do, are deposited in the basin of the gneiss region, and consists of sandstone, conglomerate, clayslate and schalstein, intruded by many dykes and sheets of porphyry aild porphyrite. Generally sandstone and conglomerate form much thicker deposits than the others. Near Keum-san-dong between Syun-chhyang and Keum-gu sandstone and conglomerate alternate with black

o kju,

and green clayslate and dip generally-south. In the west of Chin-an conglomerate, -chiefly composed of the pebbles of gneiss, clayslate,

quartz, gives rise to a curious forms of erosion. Tiie famous Mo-ak'San with two peculiar rounded peaks, composed of conglome* rate, stands solitary to the southwest of Chin-an and is to be recognised from a distance. In the-neighborhood of Tai-phyong, 2 ri west of Chin-an, conglomerate passes into sandstone, and interstratifies with clayslate. Here it strikes from N.E. to S.W., dipping S.E. in. the eastern part and N.W. in the western, thus forming a syncUnc.

A small area in the south of Mujyu consists mainly of conglomerate with sandstone and clayslate, directly lying on gnetsiT The conglomerate in Peuk-chang, south of Mu-jyu, is characterised by containing large pebbles of porphyry, often one meter in dia-* meter,' the strike being almost E. — W.

In the east of IToa-syun, the alternating strata of sandstone, claysiat.e and schalstein gently dip to the £. Near the PhyUite Formation in the east, the rocks are much metamorphosed and becomes schistose.

"Along the Keum-gang near Kun-san, sandstone and clayslate run from E.N.E. to W,S.W. On the opposite bank of Syd;phG; northeast of Kun-san, stands a solitary hill, consisting of clayslate with thin sandstone and coal seams. In the northwest of Hamyol clayslate overlies unconformably the Kun-san X'ormation and dips to N.W.

The area which extends to the north and south from - dong and Hoang-gan is composed of the alternation Of sandstone,

conglomerate and clayslate, u ith thin beds of schalstein in the lower horizon and of thick ones in the upper. Ihe strike is N.60' — 70'E in the environs of Hoang-gaui forming a syncline near the town, but in Ydng-dong the strike turns to N.20*— 30*W, and gently dips toward E.N.E. ; r . ; . " -y*'

The strata stretching from Chhyung-yang southwards are composed of dafk grey siliceous sandstone and clayslate, the former often passing into conglomerate.

The mountains along Keum-gang, west o£ Koang-jyu, consists of sandstone, conglomeite and schalstein, dipping W. co" — 20 The hilly tract along Ydi-syftngf-ganj from Nam-chhy6n-ty6m, I'/riN, of Phyong-san, to Kai-song, througli Phyong-san and Keum-chhydn and still further southwards to Thong-sin and Kanghoa, consists of sandstone, conglomerate, schalstein and shale, the former two representing the lower horizon and the latter the upper. Thin layers of marly limestone are sometimes seen interbedded in them, as at Phil-tong of Phyonj-san. In the southern part, including Hoang-hoa, Thong-sin, sandstone and conglomerate with thin shale seem to be much developed. The strike is generally W.N.W. — E.S.E. and the dip is S.S.W. 20°, but in the south, the dip changes to N.£. and in Hoang-hoa Island a small syncUne is noticed.

The hilly region which stretches from Phydng-yang southwards along the Tai-dong-gang, is composed of shale and sandstone in the lower part and of shale, sandstonci conglomerate and schalstein in the upper.

The strata developed in the environs of Phyong-yang and between Phyong-yang and Sam-deUng, represent the lower part, generally consisting of the thick deposit of shale, overlaid by sand" stone. Alany coal scams are interbedded in the strata. Shale in about i ri north of Phyong-yang, contains fossil flora. The folloving two species have been determined by Prof. M. Yokoyama :

Podosamites lanciolatus, Todiies WilUamsanL From these forms, he has concluded the fossil-bearing strata to be-

\ou'f to the Jurassic. Tlio strike is E.N.K. — \V,S.W., generally, dipping soutliward. The remaining hilly tract represents! mostly, the upper part and Is composed of sandstone and conglomerate with thin layers <jf shale. The rocks are tufuceous, often passing to schalstein which sometimes attains great thickness. The strike of the strata is generally N.E.— S.W. and the dip is S.E* 30*--4o" in the northern tract while in the southern the strike turns nearly N. — S. At the opposite bank of Chin-nanvpho the dip is. N.E. 8' — 26* and on the road between Chyang-nydng and Pong-sanat is nearly N. 60"— 8o*.

The hilly land extending from north to south, between the lower Tai-yong-gang and the lower Chhydng-chhydn-gang, consists of sandstone, conglomerate and clayslate with layers of schalstein. The dip Is generally S.£. 10" in the northern part and £. 39**—' 40* in the southern, showing the existence of a fault between them.

Near the northern frontier of llani gong-do, we find along the Tu-man-gang the alternation of sandstone and clayslate with conglomerate. The rocks, except thos€l found in a small area near Hoirydng compixsed of sandstone and clayslate, are often much metamorphosed. The strike is generally N. — S. in the environs of Hoirydng, N.E. — S. W. in the environs of Chyong-sydng, and at N. W. S.E, in the nijrthcrn half Ko-k6n-u6n and N.E. — S.W. in the southern.

All the formations above referred to are not yet fully studied and can not be complied in any way, either stratigraphically or palaeontologically with those in Kydng-sang-do and Piiyong-yang, but from their petrographical character, so far as my observations go, it is highly probable that the Formations are identical with those found in Manchuria, Phyong-yang and Kydng-saying-do.

In the west of Mok-pho, sandstone alternates with clayslate and

u kju,

dijis to E.S.E. 8*. The complex probably belongs to the Mesozoic, although tiie rock characters make it seem much younger.

IV. Tektiakv.

The Tertiary is found in a few small areas scattered in Ham-

g)'ong-do and Kyong-sang-do, along the Tu-man-gang and the Sea

of Japan* It has been deposited in the basins or depressions of

the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic or granite region.

The Tertiary in Ham-gong-do — The rocks are of alternation

of loose shale, sandstone and conglomerate, with interbedded coal

seams. They are often overlapped by the basalt flow.

I t

I he Tertiary in Kyong-sang do — The rocks are grey or 3'eliowish grey tuf¥, sandstone, conglomerate and shale, with several coal seams. The shale and tuff between Heung-hai and Chyang-gi contain fossil flora, such as : Sequoia Acer SUrculia Podogonium Pkragmites, Saiix Quercus, Carpinus,. Ficus, Julians, Fagu, Fianera, Popnlus, Rkamus Sapindiphyllum etc., The strata are undulatory, the dip being mostly less than lo.'

The strstta found in small detached described beloit will perhaps belong to the Tertiary : — in the west of Naing-syu-tydm on the road between Kim-hai and Chhyang-uon, the alternating strata of green, violet or greenishrey tuff, shale and conglomerate dip to S.S.W'.; in the east of Kuang-yang and Syun-chhyon, violet or yellow tuff alternates with sandstone, and conglomerate, and in the Yong-am peninsula and in the north of Mok-pho, we see green tuff, and shale lying on porphyry ... . ,

The loose deposit of the- Quaternary is divided into two:

m

diluvium and alluvium.

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Diluvium occupies only the narrow and siniU areas alon the mountain foot or the rivers; Those found in the northwest;

Thong-chhon, in the north of U6n-ph()ni, S. of Kcuni-gu. in the east of Chang-heung, in the south of Chin-po and in the south of On-yang, are -father important. They constitute -terraces or flat lands of small areas, composed of clay, sand and pebble. ,

.The alluvium is of two kinds. The -one belongs to the littoral deposits along the sea coast or near the mouth of rivers, ccncrally. composed of fine sand and clay, and the other belongs to the iuvia" tile deposits among the hilly and mountainous tracts, -consisting of sand and pebbles covered by clay. Almost all the placer gold in Korea occur in the fiuviatile deposits.

VI. Granite.

Granite is the most widely extended of all other cruptives and comes next to gneiss in its i distribution. It is generally coarse

trained and is easily susceptible to decomposition. Granititc and hornblende granitite are very common varieties, together vvith. muscovite granite. Their characters greatly differ with the various* localities. In Mol-un-chhi between IMuing chhyang and Kangneung, augite bearing granitite is found. Granite is sometimesdioritic or syenitic and often passes into granite porphyry, their distinction being frequently difficult. ...

Granite eruption seems to have continued Crom the Archaean to the Mesozoic Era. On one side, granite affords contact-metamorphism to the rocks of the surrounding Pahi; )/.oic and the Mesozoic, while on the other it attains schistose structure, so that we can hardly distinguish it from granite gneiss.

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Vii. Porwiyrv.

Porphyry occupies a few but tolerably large areas In Tai-po-san and its environs, W. of Ph6ng-yang, in Ydng-am and Mu-an peninsula, and in the nortlieast of It also intrudes the gneiss. Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and granite as dykes and sheets, which

are especially abundant in South Chyol-la do and South Kyongsyang-do, so that they can not be fully shown in the annexed geological map.

'Rocks are of various kinds. Quartz porphyry, containing porphyry tic quartz and often felspar and biotite on the dark grey or light violet ground mass, is very common. The rocks occurring as dykes or sheets, generally belong to this kind. The mountain, E. of Chin-san and tlie steep mountain at the north of Mu-jyu, consist of quartz porphyry, iind Tai-po-san of granite porphyry. At Mongtong-ni, E. of Mok-pho, quartz porphyry contains bipyramidal crystals of quartz and red and white felspar, sometimes having a granitoid aspect. In the east of Mun-gydng, the boundary between granite porphyry and granite is not distinct. Thus the sharp boundary between quartz porphyry, granite porphyry and granite is often not perceptible. Porphyry found in somewhat large area is often brecciated. The rocks of this kind arc -brown, light-green or grey and some which contain numerous breccias, resemble tuff breccia. They are often subjected to peculiar erosion, giving rise to a steep and rugged landscape, as in tlic cast of Ilai nam, and No-ryong, N.E. of Nam-phyong. On the eastern coast, between Yong-ddk and Chhang-ha and in the environs of Sya-chang-yang, porphyry of this kind is found. In the environs of Hong-uop. quarty porphyry resembles Uparite, intrudes granite and overlaps it. Porphyry, in the south of Ma-san-pho is platy and contains homblende and felspar but is destitute of quartz, being more trachytic.

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Viii; Porphvrite.

Porphyrite occupies somevbat wide mountain cUstricts in the southern and middle part of Chydl-Ia-do and the southeastern part

of Kyong-sang-do. Besides, abundant dyks and sheets especially in the southern part, are found intruding the jgei9Sy Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and granite. The rocks are generally composed of greygreen or deep-green ground mass with porphyritic crystals plapfioclase, but we may distinguish hornblende porph3te, augite porphyrite and biotite porphyrite. Some of them contain quartz and the decomposed varieties are sometimes not distinguishable from porphyry. Porphyrite in the wide areas, is often brecciated, with the fragments of clayslate, tuff, and porphyrite. thus resembling tuH breccia. It is generally light-brown, green or deep green in color. From this fact we may suggest with some certainty that eruptions of porphyrite liave taken place several times and some may have erupted later than the porphyry. The motuitains composed of porphyrite are generally high and precipitous and afford a peculiar land form, as already stated.

IX, Andesite and its Aggiomekate.

Andesite and its agglomerate occupy only a few small areas, besides as dykes, near the eastern coast and also constitute Chyoijyu-do or Quelpart Island. Hornblende andesite between Onsyong and Kyong-uon bears porplu ritic crystals of plagioclase, hornblende and biotite in a light-grey ground mass and overlays granite. Andesite scattered between Chyang-gi and Kydng-jyu intrudes the Mesozoic and Tertiary. It is of two kinds, the one being hornblende andesite, with hornblende and plagioclase in a darkgrey or black ground mass, and the other homblende-biotite andesite

, bearing porphyritic crystals of hornblende biotite and plagio clase. Augtte andesite is found as dykes near the eastern coast of Chyang-gi and also in Ha syo and Ho-am between Chyang gi and Ul-san, and is dark-green in color. It sometimes assumes beautiful columnar joints and accompanies agpflomerate.

Chyoi'jyu-do is a volcanic island, in the middle of which there stands the high and majestic cone of Hal-la-san (2040 m.) with a crater lake about i ri in circumference on its top. The rocks are grey porous pyroxene andesite.

X. Basai/i.

Basalt terrain always forms lava plateau. Basalt plateau in the northern Hara-gong-do is broad and high, reaching a height of 1400—2000 meters. The valleys through the plateau are narrow and cEnon-like, forming rapids and foaming cascades. Basalt flow covers the broad plain of Sy u-an, Kok-san and Sin-gyoi, and proceeds into the valleys close by. Its thickness is estimated to be 220-230 feet. The hills seen scattered in the plateau are the islands of the Palaeozoic .in the basalt sea. In the environs of Fhydng-gang and Thydl*udn, basalt overlapping granite, forms a plateau along the mountain foot as well as both banks of the river. Basalt is generally grey or dark-grey, and of various kinds, being crystalline as dolerite or anamesite. or microcrystalUne, as ordinary basalt or glassy as obsidian. Generally, the lower parts of the flow are somewhat compact, while the upper porous, i'lagiociase and olivine are the chief constituents of basalt, in which pyroxene is less predominant. kes in Syu-an gold mine have intruded granite and caught up its blocks. They are black and compact, with a few 'Olivine and abundant pyroxene, beside plagtoclase. Basalt in upper Un-chhyanrj gang north of Kap-san and in Kil-j) accompanies its tuff and agglomerate. Basalt overflowed upon

phyliite along rm-jin-.-?ang and along the coast of Thong-clihyon is beautifully columnar, aflording a picturesque scenery to the land.

Chapter Iv. Mineral Resources.

Korea yields gold, silver, lead, copper, iron, graphite and coal. Among the mineral resources, gold and copper only are of importance the production of iron and coal being insignificant.

Gold.— Almost all of the gold obtained in Hoang-hai-do, Kyonggeui-do, Chhyung-chhyong-do, Kang-u6n-do and Chydl-lalo is brought in Seoul and is tliere purchased by the Seoul branch-oflice of the Dai*ichi-gin-ko Bank. The amount is estimated to be i/;00,ooo-2,oo6,ooo yen (about 60,000-200,000) annually. From <jen-san (Uon-san) gold, 1,000,000-1,300,000 yen in value, is annually exported, forty to fifty per cent of which is probably produced in Ham-gong-do, and the remaining fifty to sixty per cent imported from Siberia. Gold purchased by the Phyong-yang branch-office of the Dai-ichi-ginko is valued at more than 1,000,000 yen per an, num, the greater part of it belonijini, to the placers from Syun-an- Gold produced in Kyong-sang-do concentrates in Fu-san, w hence it is exported, the annual amount scarcely exceeding 100,000 yen in value. From these facts we can estimate with some certainty that the total annual production of gold in Korea will exceed 3,000,000 yen, excluding the gold from the mines under the management of foreigners. Two-thirds of the total production of gold is obtained from placer gold.

Copper. — The only copper mine worked is the Kap-san Mine, its annual production being roughly estimated to be 300,000-500,000 kin

I . Japanese measure of weight, i kin 560 gnuns.

I. Goi-D Mines. Gold deposit may be divided into two classes, the metalliferous veins and metasomatic deposits. .

1. Metalliferous veins. The thickness of veins varies greatly, from an inch to 6 feet or more. They usually consist of white or grey-white, compact quartz, with pyrites, and other sulphide minerals, scattered in it. When quartz contains much sulphide minerals and is rich in fissures and cavities or is loose through carrying brown clay or limonite in fissures and cavities, its gold content is generally high, while hard and compact quartz seems to be des titute cC gold; hence in spite of the wide veins the extent of payable area is comparatively small. It Is reported that the quart? veins of the gold mine of Un-san contain much sulphide minerals which are sometimes banded with quartz and are consequently rich in gold, but those in the other mines, as Chamo-san, Chik-san, etc. contain less sulphide minerals, and gold chielly occurs in fissures and cavities. The available ores will perhaps be due to the secondary enrichment after the deposition of the hard quartz veins. Some*

times cracks in gneiss and granite, 0.1-0.4 inch thick, are found to be

♦

filled with sand and clay of black or dark-brown color. This sand and clay yield gold, and are now worked in Sat-mok of Sy5ng-jyu. The gold is deposited apparently secondarily with sand and clay.

2. Metasomatic deposit. — The deposit occurs in the Palaeozoic limestone, being formed by its replacement with ores, near the contact with granite. The ores are limestone charged with sulphide minerals, which are impregnated in the rock, along its stratification plane or filled in fissures, as large irregular masses. The gold content of the ore is considered to be almost proportional to the amount of sulphide minerals. Gold mines of Ap-eun-san and Syu-an belong to this class.

Valleys and rivers in the neighborhood of the gold mines generally yield placer gold and for the sake o£ convenience such placer fields will be described in sequel together with the gold

mines.

Un-san mines.

The concession consists of the gold mines in Un-san County and is now worked under the control of Americans in five places ; that is, Tai-bahoi, Tari-kol, Keuksy6ng*dong, Chinbalbi and Eung-pong* The head-office of the mining firm is situated at about 9 ri north of Un-san. Tai-bahoi is about I'/z miles north of Peuk-chin and only half a mile. Keuk-sy5ng-dong is situated about 8 ri E.N.E. of the head office and Chin-balbt about 8 ri south. Eungponi lies about i ri W.S.W. of Chin-balbi.

The date of the discovery is not recorded, but it is said that the mine had already been worked in the dynasty of Ko-ryo or Korea. About ten years ago, Americans obtained the concession! and have carried on their works under the name of the Orienta' Consolidated Mining Company,

The production of gold is jiot distinct, the probable estimate being as follows :

Tai-bahoi Taii-kol Kcuk-synj:- chin-balbi Total

dong pong

Ton* T. T. T. T. T.

Q 4.500- 9.000— 1,500- 24,500-

Gold, 8,500 ,8- 6,000

extracted. 9,000 6,500 ''Oo 4.000

Tai-bahoi and Tari-kol. — Among numerous veins in gneiss only one important vein is now worked by shafts. At Tai-bahoi, the vein is in general 12—15 thick, striking N. 8o* E., and dipping N. 72° and has been traced for about 2000 feet on the strike. The vein is split up into two at a spot about 406 feet east of the shaft*

(l) Japanese measure of weight, i tnumine-3'75 grams.

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with the parting about 20 feet thick, but reunites thence about 500— 6cx5 feet eastwards. The thickness there varies from i to 10 feet, accbmpanjring a few parallel veins i 2 feet thick. In the wet of the shaft the vein is tliin and is not workable. The depth of the shaft now reached is 520 ft. and the largest level is 1400 feet long.

In Tari-kol, the vein runs from E*N.£. to W.S.W. and is traceable for about 6000 ft alonj its outcrops. It is separated into two" at about 700 ft., west of the shaft, the parting gradually .widening to th west. The vein has a thickness; varying from i to it> ft.* said sometimes accompanies a few minor veins of i — 2 feet thick, in the parting. At about 20 ft. west of the shaft, the vein in the fourth . level is cut by a fault dipping W. 70*, In the eastern side of the fault, a vein i ft, thick dips steeply to the N.W. The shaft is now 630 ft. deep and the length of the longest level is 2000 ft. The distance of these two shafts in Tai-bahoi and Tari-kol is about 40CX) ft. The veins worked separately in two places will indeed be one and the same, the distance being due to the dislocation running rom north to south.

The other veins run almost parallel to the main vein given above, and only one of them is now worked by a few miners.

Keuk-sydng-dong. — vein occurs in gneiss and is cut by a fault *unning from to S.E. In the southwestern side of the fault the', vein strikes N. 20' E. with a gentle dip VV.S.W. 12*. To S.E. the vein is cut by a pegmatite tJyke, running fromlN.E. to S.W., beyond which w e can not yet discover the same, and hence the extension is estimated to be only 800 feet. In the northeastern side of the fault the strike of the vein-is N.E. and the dip N.W* 13 The thickness of the vein is generally 14 — 15 ft. In the neighborhood we find a few veins, one of which seems to be the continuation of the main one.

Cliin-balbi.— The vein now worked crops out on the top of the mountain in the east o£ the village. It has a strike of N. 17' W. — S. i7*E. and a dip of W. 72*, extending about 1300 ft. on the strike: 1 he thickness of the vein is 3 — 6 feet near the outcroj), widens 10 — 15 feet at 200—250 ft. below the shaft, and as it gets deeper it gradually becomes thin. At about 360 feet below the shaft the vein is I'/x feet thick but at 460 ft. below the depth it bci;ins thinning away. Almost all parts of the vein were already worked out. A few other veins in the. neighborhood run almost parallel to the main one and have been worked.

£ung-pong.->One worked vein has a thickness of 6 ft. near the outcrop but branches into two below the surftce with a parting of 60 ft. The dip is W. 35' near the outcrop and becomes steeper below, attaining 60' in the third level. The vein has 9, thickness of 4~5 ft. and sometimes 12 ft. above the third level, but it becomes gradually thinner as it increases in depth. The eastern branch of the vein has a thickness of 4 ft. in the fourth level and 0.5 ft. in the fifth and the western branch splits into thinner and smaller veins below the third level. The workable length is estimated to be about loco ft. Two veins are found to the east of the main one.

Ores are of white or grey, hard and compact quartz, carrying sulphide minerals, as iron pyrites, galena, zinc blende etc., iron pyrites being generally most abundant. The vein in the northeastern side of the fault of Keuk-song-dong contains much arsenopyrite and galena, instead of iron pyrites. . These minerals arc often found filling the fissures and cavities of veins and form banded structures with quartz. Gold is considered to be contained in these minerals or in loose portions of quartz, rich in fissures and cavities. The gold content of the ores is variable but not poor,- yielding in average 0.001% of gold.

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The mine is located at the southwestern foot of the famous

f ortification of Cha-mo san-sung and is only 2 ri distant from Ainchyok-ri station.

.The district is composed of granite-gneiss of coarse-grained as well as of fine-grained. The strike of the gneiss is almost N. — S. in the iiorthern part and N. 1 — 20* E. in the southern, and the general dip is E. — 50*. Twelve or thirteen principal veins, with the exception of one or two, arc imbedded in the plane of schistosity of gneiss. Among these veins four are most important; Tue strike of the veins is N. — S. sometimes from N.N.E. to S.S.W'., dipping v.. 50' — yd*. The thickness of the veins varies from 0.2 ft. to 3 ft. and the principal ones are generally i -2 ft. thick, extending 100 — 300 m. on their strike. Ores are of white or greyish-wluLc, hard and compact quartz, bearing sulphide inincralsas pyrites, galena, zinc-blende, etc., in its fissures and cavities. Gold is considered to be contained in those portions, carrying sulphide minerals, or where it becomes loose, rich in fissures and cavities and accompanies limonite and clay. So even in the case of laie veins the portions treated as ores are small quantity. Generally ores arc rich near the outcrops and were almost w orked out.

The following is the result of the chemical analysts of ores :

brown with limestone in 3. 4- Average fissures etc.

(Jold 0.0007% 0.0016% 0.0006% 0.0004% 0.0006%

surer — o.O304% — —

The head-ofhce of the mine is situated at Po-tok-udn, about 3Vx ri, S.E. of Sydng-hoan station. The mining district embraces

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an area within I or i '/z ri around Yu yang, about 7e n N.W. of the office.

The production of gold is not quite certain but the tax raised from April to September in 1905 amounts to 1,840 momme in gold. The output of gold under the direct control of the company is 1,193 momme for the same period.

The mine has long been worked under tlic direct control ot the Imperial House of Korea. In 1900 it was transferred to the hands Of the Shibusawa and Asano company, under whose management the working was actively operated for a few years. After struggling against several difficulties, the company has stopped a greater part of its operations and at present is working a few placer fields under its direct management.

The mountainous part of the district consist of gneiss, while the hilly tract around the foot of the mountains is composed of biotite or muscovite granite. Jiroad and fertile plains and valleys are found among the mountains and hills.

Auriferons Veins. — Numerous quartz veins traverse gneiss and sometimes granite. Four principal veins run from N.E. or E.X.E. to S.W. or W.S.W. parallel to the schistosity of gneiss, dipping N.W. or S.E. 70*— 80". The thickness of the veins is generally I — 3 ft. but sometimes it reaches 9 ft. or thins away to a few inches. It sometimes extends over 3600 ft. on the strike. Ores are white or grey, hard and compact quartz, with disseminated pyrites. They are partly loose, rich in fissures and cavities, and are stained by iron oxides and clay. The hard and compact portions do not yield gold, and the loose portions or those with pyrites, which are in small (juantity, are only workable. Ores near the outcrops are rich in gold but they have almost been worked out.

Placer gold. — Placer gold is found everywhere in the rivers of

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the district and is of fluviatile and eluvtal deposits the latter being found only in one place. The payable bed for placer gold consists of granite sand with pebbles and lies generally at a of 15— 20ft below the surface; The thickness of the bed varies from a few inches to feet and is 1 — 2 ft, in general.

The placer field was already in work about 10 years back and the operations were developed extreme!)- 4—5 years At present about 350 men are engaging in the operation. The total extent of the field is more than 4 ri and there remains a considerable area which deserves farther prospecting.

This mining district embraces an area of iVt n around Ku ryong-san, which rises E.S.E. of Keum-gu.

The date of discoveryis not recorded. It was reopened about 18 years ago and worked under the control of the Imperial House of Korea. At present, 700 — 800 men are actively engaged in the workings, the total output of gold being about j 2,000 momme monthly.

The district is roin[)osed of granite-gneiss, sometimes with quartz-schist and augite-schist and intruded by quartz-porphyry. Gneiss is often very loose front decomposition, especially inthe hilly tract on the western lUnk of Ku-ryong-san. ' Small cokl flecks are often found in tlie decomposed gneiss when -washed. Gneiss strikes generally N.N.fei—S.S.W, With steep indbiation to W.NiW or E.S.E. 6d*-yd'. The plateaux on the western foot of thp mountain and terraces at the north of besildeSismallbnes along the rivers, represent'diluvium'iand <randist;of clay"m: the-upper part, and sand and pebble layers in the lower, covering gneiss uncon-r formably. Wide plains-and valleys are also found there,.' : . '

Tlie district is conveniently divided eastern

and the southern mining districts. In the former district, gold ore is chiefly worked and the latter yields mainly placer gold. .

The eastern mining district enibraces an area in the east of Keum-gu or the east and soutli of Ku ryong-san and is now worked by many decades of miners in the vicinity of Yang-syok-. and Pong-nim-dong.

Numerous veins, more than 20, traverse gneiss, sometimes quartz-porphyry or contact zone between these two rocks. The strike of the veins is N.N.E. or N. parallel to the schistosity of gneiss, often tut by a number of veins running from E. to W. The inclination is very steep or almost vertical. The veins are all thin, the thickness varying from 2 to 6 inches. They sometimes attain a thickness of one foot but within a short distance tliin aw ay to the mere cracks. Ores are quartz with scattered pyrites and associating clay, limonite or mother rocks. An abandoned vein in the hill of the south of Vang-syok-dong seems to be fissures in gneiss filled up with quartz, sand and clay together with gold.

The placer fields in the district are limited and not worthy of special notice.

The southern mining district. — Gold ore is worked only in two

places by a decad of miners. A vein found about /g ri E. of Keumsan-sa is imbedded in gneiss with the strike N. 20 £. and a steep dip to the W. The thickness of the vein is 2 feet at most. Good ores consist of quart/,, mother rock and clay, containing abundant pyrites, galena, chalcopy rites, etc., the sulphide minerals forming often the banded structure with the gangue. The result of the chemical analyses of the ores is as follows : . -

Gold Silver Uswl

so

Numerous veins in the northern part of Ku-rj'ong-san are generally thin, being 2-3 inches thick, but sometimes widening to t-2 ft. They run N. io*-2o'* E. steeply dipping to E. or W.

Placer gold is of iluviatile and eluvial deposits and is now actively worked. Placer gold in the eluvial deposit is found along the foot of the hills in the western part, the placer field of Yong-pan-ni and of the east of Phyong-san being now productive. The uppermost consists of brown clay under which lies brownish-white or palegreen sandy clay, sometimes with quartz. It is said that there occur two payable deposits of 0.6 — 1.2 feet thick at a depth of 14—30 feet. The payable deposits are composed of light-brown or paleyeiiowish-green sandy clay, whose content is as follows.

Gold o.otS4% 0.0004% 0.0003% — Tttce aooo2% -

Silver — — 0.0004% — 0.0008

. Placer gold in the iluviatile deposits is extensively worked along the rivers or the drainage areas of the rivers and terraces, especially in the environs of Uon-phyong, Ko-ya, and Pong-sy5-tong. The payable bed is composed of sand and pebbles to a depth of 10 30 feet and is i — 3 ft. thick. The placer field will be still productive in the future and there remains a fairly extensive area to be opened.

This mine is situated in the village of Yong-hoa-bang (Gu endoline) about 2 ri S.£. of Euii-san, the head-office and mining station being in Yd-yang and metallurgical station in Yang ti-chhon, connected by aerial wirerope. The transportation by Tai-dong-gang is from Ko-dong, about 4 ri S. of the mine.

The mine was opened many decades ago and for the last forty

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years it has been worked under the control of the Imperial House of Korea. The mining rights over an area including about 4 ri E. — W. and 2 ri N. — S., are transferred to an English, who discovered a rich deposit in 1903. Various improvements have since been introduced. The work is carried on at present under the name and style of the BotishoKorean Codperation.

In 1904 the mining and metallurgical arrangements were completed, and consequently the production suddenly increased to 14.ooo-18.ocx) momme of iiold per month from 1800 tons of ores. But at the beginning of 1906 the ores were almost worked out and at last in April of that year the mine has had to submit to the misfortune of being abandoned.

The rocks are alternations of limestone and clayslate. They are often metamorphosed, clayslate passing to phyllite and limestone becoming white and crystalline. So-called white and hard quartzite in the mine is probably a vein cutting the limestone near the shaft. The strike of strata is N.W. or W.N.VV.— S.E. or E.S.E., dipping N.E. 2o'-30*.

The deposit occurs in schistose crystalline limestone, replacing it with such sulphide minerals as auriferous pyrrhotite, pyrites, etc. These sulphide minerals are either scattered in limestone or impregnated along the bedding plane, or filling up its fissures and cavities, and form laie irregular ore masses. ' The thickness of the deposit varies greatly, sometimes widening to 70 feet or thinning away rather suddenly. It extends like the mother rock from N.Sy. to S.E. being traceable for about 300 feet on the strike, but to the dipside it is sigmoidal, that is, the dip being eastward in the upper part, westward in the middle and again eastward in the lower.

Metallurgically the mine is fully equipped, thus allowing of

95 V2 /b of the ore bein extracted. Tb.e gold content is considered to be proportional to the quantity of sulphide minerals and is esteemed generally to be 0.003 The gold and silver content of the ores collected is as follows :

I. 2. 3. 4.

Gold 0.0076% 0.0146% s 0.0088% 0.0040% Silver l'.'-'' 0.0050 — ' —

The mine is situated in the village of ilol-kol, about 7 ri N. of Syu-an. The village of U-gang on the bank of the lies about 3 ri E.N.E. of the mine.

The mine was worked several hundreds of years ago but afterward it was abandoned by the order of the government. In it was reopeneii and in 1901 the management of the niine was transferred to a Japanese, who introducetl some improvements, .since 1903 the mine has been worked under the control of the Imperial House of Korea.

The output of gold ia quite indistinct, but from the number 6f the stamp mills it may be estimated to be about 1,200-1,300 momme per month. Every year from November to April of the next year the water here freezes, and all operations have to be suspended.

The mining district is composed of clayslate, limestone and granite. Clayslate and limestone dip generally N.N.E. 4o''-50* and are metamorphosed In contact with granite.

The deposit c ccurs in limestone near the contact with granite in the south of Hol-kol, the nature and form of the deposit being quite similar to those of the Ap eun-san Mine. The deposit is very irregular in its distribution but is supposed to extend for about lOGO ft.

along the contact zone of limestone w ith granite, its breadth varying from a few feet to 140 feet* Ores are limestone* carrying sulphide minerals, as chalcop) rite, pyritei stibnite .and

Some of the ores are hard and compact, dark-grey or lightgreen in color, while the others are somewhat loose and white. Generally speaking, the hard varieties are found in depth and contain much bornite ; but the lose one is seated near the outcrops and carries chiefly chatcopyrite and pyrite, associated with copper carbonate.

The content of gold is deemed to be proportional to . the quantity of metallic minerals, the distribution of which is very irregular.

The following is the result of the chemical analysis of the ores collected :

Gold 0.0008% 0.0005%

Silver 0.0061 — ' — "

The Minor Deposits and Mines.

Han-tai-dong (Soutli Ham-gy5ng-do). — This mine is situated

on the hills, about i ri N. of Tyong-phyong. It was opened about 8 years ago and worked for three years. In the year 1905, one vein was discovered and at present a few decades of miners are engaged in workings this as well as the others. Two or three veins 0.4-2.0 feet thick traverse granite and dip N.£. 70 Ores are quartz, containing pyrite, chalcopyrite and galena, sometimes yielding free gold visible to the naked eye. The following is the result of the chemical analysis:

Gold. 0.0042. Silver. 0.0023

u kju.Lo

Neung-dong. — The mine lies on the mountain side, about 5 ri E. of Yong-heung. The date of discovery is not recorded but the mine was reopened about 20 years ago. At present more than ten miners are occupied in working it. Five or six quartz veins, mixed with the fragments of mother rocks and clay, occur in granite. The thickness of the veins is general!} 7 —8 inches but sometimes 2 feet. The ores yield generally 0.002-0.003% of gold.

Koang-syon*,. — The mine is situated about 3 n E. of Vonghung. In 1904 several veins were discovered and at present they are worked by a score of miners. Five or six quartz veins, 0.5 I. o foot thick, traverse granite. The ores are of inferior quality.

Sy ang-kong-dong (North Phy5ng-an-do). — The mine is located

on a mountain side, about 2'/v. ri S.E. of Chhyong-song, which lies about 1 1 ri N.E. of Eui-jyu (Wi-jyu). The mine was opened about 10 years ago and since then for 7 years it had been more or less

actively worked, sometimes by more than 500 miners, until 4 years ago when it was abandoned.

Numerous veins traverse here granite-gneiss. The principal veins are 8 in number. Tlieir thickness varies from a few inches to 3 feet, only 3 veins having a thickness of more than i foot. The veins arc almost parallel to each other from E. to W., clipping X. or S. Ores are hard and compact quartz with sulphide minerals, and are generally of inferior quality in thick veins.

Tong-chang. — The village of Tong-chhaug is situated about 8 ri S.E. of Chhyang-sydng and may be reached within a distance

of 4 ri from the head office of the Un-san Mine in reuk-chin. Tlie mining district embraces an area from Koang-chhyon-ni, about 12 ri S.E. of Tong-chang, eastwards to the boundary of the Un-san

county, the extension being over i ri long. The veins are said to

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have been worked since 35 years ago, but at present only one vein is being worked by a score of miners.

Among numerous veins which traverse granite-gneiss, hve are important. As the mine was abandoned for a long time, the veins in it are not visible at present, but their strikes seem to lie between E.— W. and N.W. — S.E. and their thickness to vary from 0.4 to i'/ feet. Ores are white or grey, hard compact quartz with sulphide minerals, as galena, pyrrhotite, etc., which are considered to contain gold. The result of the chemical analysis of gold ores is as follows :

1. Gold. 0.0033. Silver. 0.0038.

2. Gold. o 005S. Silver. o.0e4l.

Syon-chhyon. — This mining district extends from Syu-dong, about ri N. of Syon-chhyon, to Paik-hyon-ni, about 2 ri N. of the same town. The mine was open about ten years ago, and more than 200 miners were sometimes occupied in the workings, but at present they have decreased to less than 20

Numerous quartz veins occur in granite-gneiss. Their thickness varies from an inch to a foot, witli an average of 5 inches. The veins run almost parallel to each other, having a strike of £. — W. and the dip of N. or S. 76* — 8o* or vertical. The ores are white,

hard and compact quart/, with pyritc, etc. Best ores yield 0.0059% of gold and 0.0023% of silver.

Kil sang-ni. — The mine is located on the mountain sides in the vicinity of KiUsyang-ni, about 7 ri S. of Kui-sang. It was opened about 5 years ago, and the working is more or less governed by climatic conditions, at present about 50 men being at work during winter and 200 during summer.

Numerous veins traverse granite-gneiss. The principal veins,

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S6

numbering ten, run almost parallel to each other from N.E. to S.W., excepting two veins only which strike from E.N.E, to VV.S.W. The dip is generally S.E. 76*— So'. The veins are mostly thin, being often less than 5 inches, but one vein is 3 feet thick and two others i foot, Near the outcrops, the veins are said to have been richer in quality, and were already exhausted. Ores are similar to those of the Sy6n-chhy6n mining district. Loose portions with cavities and assures are rich in gold content and, yield 0.0029% gold and 0.0027% of silver.

Yong-moru (South Phyong an-do). — The mining district is situated about I'/x ri W. of Cha-mo san Mine and about i km. N. of Am--d station. The working was more or less actively carried on about 5 years ago. At present the mine is worked by a few miners unders the management of Messrs. Okura & Co. of Japan.

In the neighbourhood of Ydhg-moru, numerous veins are found on a hill composed of gneiss and granite. Four or five chief veins dip generally £. or S.E. with steep inclinations. Their thickness varies from 2 inches to a foot. Ores are the same as those of the Cha-mo-san Mine.

Tang-kokai (Kang-uon-do). — The mine is situated on a mountain side, about i ri N.N.W. of Keum-sy5ng. It is said that the mine has been workcl in ancient times. In 1897 the mine was transferred to a German, who has introduced some improvements. For 3 years, prospecting was actively carried on without much success, and in the fourth year the mine w as abandoned The rocks here are the Palaeozoic quartzite, clayslate and limestone, intruded by quartz-porphyry. The strata trend N. 80' E., dipping S. 4o'. As the mine has long been abandoned, the conditions of the veins are not well known. There are numerous veins which run from E. to W. They are all thin, their thickness being less than i foot. Ores

are quartz, carrying galena, pyrite, etc., good one yielding 0,005870 of gold and 0.0020% of silver.

Koa-moru.— The mine lies ri W. of Y5ng*d5k-u5n, which is situated about 3 ri S.W, of Hong-chhyon. The mine was opened 20 years ago. The output at present is very limited, and only 4-8 momme of gold is said to be obtained per diem. The mining district is composed of two-mica-gnciss, striking N. 20* E. and dipping W. 5o Among 5 principal veins, the most important one runs N. 55", W. with a dip S.W. 75* and attains athicknessof 7— 8 feet, extending about 1500 feet on the strike. Ores are like those in the Clia-moan or Chik-san Mines.

Chyang-bat (North Kyong sang-do).— The mine is located on Thyon-ma-san, about 7 ri S.W. of Clihyong-song. The date of di.scovery is not recorded, but the mine was already at work 8 years ago and is now worked by 20-30 miners. The district consists of the Mesozoic ciayslate and .sandstfinc, intruded by quartz-porphyry. The dip of strata is generally £.S.£. 10° — 20 Numerous veins, composed of clay or quartz, are found in quartz-porphyry and also in the Mesozoic. I hey run almost parallel to one another from N. to S., dipping almost vertically. They are all thin, rarely attaining a thickness of over 5 inches.

Chyung-ni, — The mine is located on a mountain side of the north of Chyung-ni, about 4 ri S.S.E. of Eui-song. The mine was opened about 10 years ago, and worked since then only for 2 years. The district is composed of the Mesozoic sandstone, ciayslate and schalsteln, with granite and quartz-porphyry. More than a score of veins, consisting of quartz or clay, are found in the granite. They run almost parallel to one another from N. to S. Their dip is steep or vertical* The thickness is generally 2-3 inches and sometimes i foot.

Sai-mok. — The mine is situated on the top of a hill, I'/i ri S. of Chhang-chhyon, about 4 ri W. of Syong-jyu. It was opened about 3 years ao and is now worked by scores of miners. Granitegneiss in the district has a strike N, 20' VV. and is decomposed and very loose. A fissure in the gneiss which is o.i — 0.3 inches wide and runs in the same direction as the strike of gneiss, is filled up with red-brown or dark-brown, loose sandy clay, sometimes with small quartz fragments, and may be traced for 1200 feet along the strike. The loose sandy clay contains gold.

Heuk-syu. — The village of Oi-heuk-syu is situated about a'/t ri of Ko-ryong. To the north of the village lies Nat-heuk-syu and on the opposite bank beyond the river Pop-am. The date of discovery is not recorded but about 20 years ago the mine was reopened and at present scores of miners are at work.

Abundant quartz veins are found on the tops and flanks of the mountains near Nai-heuk-syu and Pop-am, and they traverse sandstone and clayslate, and also the contact zone of these sedimentaries with quartz-porphyr)'. They run in tw o directions, X. — S. and N.W. — S.£. with steep or almost vertical inclinations. The veins are generally thinor of 2— 5 inches in thickness, but sometimes 1-2 feet thick, some extending" over looo meters on the strike. Ores are white, hard and compact quartz, with disseminated pyrite or carrying clay in the fissures and in both hanging and foot walls. The loose portions arc generally rich in gold. The ores which is said to have been mined from a vein now drowned in water, are grey quartz, containing pyrite and yields 0X30y>% of gold and 0.1040% of silver. The vein is said to be i foot in tliickness.

Yong-dam (South Kydng-sang-do). — The mining district is situated on the north of Yong*dam about 372 ri N.W, of Ma-san-pho, und a mountain range of 200-300 m. in height, which

by Cookie

separates Chhang-uori) and Chhii-uon from Ham-an. The mine was opened a few decades ago and now scores of miners are at

work. As the mine lies near Ma-san-pho it has long been known to the Japanese.

The district consists of the Mesozoic clayslate with subordinate layers of sandstone and intruded by abundant dykes and sheets of porphyry and porphyrite. The dip of the strata is generally 1 to the E. or E.S.E. Numerous quarts veins traverse clayslate and its contact zone with quartz-porphyry. They are all tliin, being generally less than 5 inches but sometimes reach i foot in thickness and dip in general to S.\V. or W.S.W. with steep inclinations or are vertical. Ores arc quartz, sometimes associating calcitc, clay or small fragments of mother rocks, and yield free gold often visible to the naked eye. The gold content of ores is generally 0.001%.

U. Placer Gold.

Placer gold occurs in two ways, viz : eluvial and fluviatile

deposits. The eluvial deposit is restricted in gneiss and granite regions, the two rocks as already mentioned, sometimes containing a small quantity of fine gold and minute auriferous quartz veins. Placer gold raised from a few placer fields in Chik-san and Keum-gu mining district is of this category. The greater parts of the placer gold in Korea is raised from the fluviatile deposit.

The payable bed for placer gold lies generally 10 — 20 feet below the ground, but sometimes its depth diminishes to 5 or 6 feet or reaches to 60—70 feet. The gold is said to be especially rich direct on or near bed rock or extending into it in crevices and along joints to a depth, in places, of one foot. The thicknees of the payable bed varies from a few inches to 3 feet. It is difficult to know the average value of the ground, but according to the inspec-

6o

tions made by the Shibusavva and Asano Company, some ground in the Chik-san placer field has yielded 4V2 momme of placer gold and in the S3n.m-an placer fieid 6 momme per 6 square feet in both cases the payable bed being at a (Icpth of 20 feet and 2/2 feet in thickness.

Placer gold is found throughout the peninsuUii especially in rivers and valle) in the gneiss and granite regions, and so placer fields are too numerous to mention individually. Placer gold seems to bear an intimate relation with gneiss and granite, inasmuch as the greater part of the gold is derived from the disintegration of gneiss and granite, whereby gold disseminated or scattered through the rocks or contained in veins and fissures, is concentrated in situ or drifted to form fluviatile deposit with sand and gravel.

Placer gold was known and worked by Koreans from very remote times and it is said that the working for placer gold from 20 years ago has culminated during the first ten years. Indeed the duration of the prosperity of placer gold is rather shorti and so even the actively worked field fails in few years and at last has to be abandoned. I shall here only mention the localities of the placer fields now known, but farther prospectings will probably occasion the discoveries of fields of economic importance. One of the difficulties in the way of working is to get sufficient water for washing gold 5 during the dry season which continues from September to March of the following year, the water required in the placer fields far exceeds the supply, especially in South Korea, and in North Korea the working is often brought to a standstill, on account of the freezing of the water.

Ham-gong-do. — The working for placer gold is now in a declining state, less than ten thousand miners being engaged in the industry. About 25 years ago the Yong-heung river and its tribu-

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taries were vigorously worked by many tens of thousands of miners for several years. Since the principal placer fields were worked out the laborers have decreased very much, and at present their number docs not exceed 500 even in summer. The minings for about 10 ri along the Tal-ha-chhi river, a tributary of the Chyang-jin-gang ; about 18 ri along the upper Peuk-tai-chhy5n and also about 10 ri along the Xam tai-chhyon, together with their tributaries, w ereenormous, each of these having been worked actively for placer gold by several thousands of miners, who at present afe diminished to a few hundreds in number. The placer fields, extending for about 17 ri along the Chyang-jin-gang from Ko-amj about i ri S. of Chyang-jin, northeastwards to Kang-gu*pho. which is found on a tributary of the Chyang-jin-gang, at about 5 ri X. of Chyang-jin, were ever actively worked, but now by less than 40 miners. The placer fields which were actively worked but now abandoned, are: Chhy6ng-bahoi, lying on the east of Vu-s)'ong ; Myjng-tai-long, about 15 ri N. of Haniheung and Han-tai-dong, about, ri N, of Tyong-phyong. The placer fields :— Sam-hak-kol, about 6 ri S.S.W. of Kydng-u5n and Na-ton of On-song, in its neighborhood ; the lower and upper Un-chli\'onggang ; the upper Chin-tong-gang, about 6 ri E.S.E. of Kap-san, and Yong-chiru6n and its upper course, about 8 ri S. of Won-san; — were more or less actively worked, more than 200 miners having been en gaged in the works but at present only 20- 50 men are at work. The placer field of Chyong-san-dong between Ky6ng-u6n and Hoi-ry6ng was opened a few years ago but is now almost w holly abandoned. The placer fields which were worked to certain extent and are at present abandoned , are : — Syang-my5n, along abundant tributaries in the west of Mu san-yong, about 4 ri N. of Hoi-ryong; the lower Chyangjin-gang at the west of Sam-syu ; Nam-tyom of Chyang-jin in the upper Chyung'gang ; Keum-chhyang of Kap-san, along a tributary

of Nam-tai-chhydn ; Kon-pha, about 3 ri N. of Peuk-chhyang ; and

Syong-jin-gang of Tycing-phon.

Phyong-an-do. — Phyong an-do ranks first in the output ol placer gold in the past as well as in the present. Since 30 years ago the workings have been greatly developed and for 20 years they had been enjoying the glory and delight of prosperity, but now are in a declining state. placer field, known as the Join-an placer field, is now vigorously worked by about ten thousand men, the monthly yield of gold being 17,000—20,000 momme. As the good payable districts have been gradually worked out, the field is in a declining state. The placer fields scattered along Chbyong-chhyongang from its source to An-jyuand also along its tributaries, among which those in the vicinity of the villages Yong dung and Chhyon dong are most important, were actively worked by more than ten thousand men but have gradually declined since 1896 and at present only 200-300 men are at work. The placer fields along the Cha-song-gang, from its source to its mouth, and its tributaries, were worked by several thousands of miners since 1876, but from 1886 the number of workmen has been gradually decreasing, till now only about one hundred of them are occupied at this work. Tok-hyon-tong placer field, about 4 ri E.N.E. of Eui-jyu, was actively worked by several thousand men for two years since 1896, but at present only a score of them are at work. The placer fields from Peuk-chin to Sin-phung, about 2 ri N.N.W. of Yong-pydn, along Ku-ryong-gang, are now abandoned but were actively worked by more than a thousand miners about ten years ago. The placer fields which used to be worked by several hundreds of miners, and are now almost abandoned, only io-6o being at work, are : Tai-hu-jyu, about 20 ri \L. of Hu-chhyang ; the Un-sydng-gang and its tributaries between Pu-chi-ri. about 4 ri S. of

<53

KBng-gy6i, and An-chhaMi, especially Nyd-chin-u6n and its vicinity ;

Syo-koan-yuk-ri, a tributary of Sam-tari-cang ; the Tai-yong-gang, from ToDg-chang to Hoan-eung-ni, about 4 ri S.S.VV. of Thai-chhyon; the tributary of Taidong-gang, taking its rise at the southeast of An-jyu ; lloa-ryong-ni, about 4 ri N.W. of Cha-san; the rivulets ia the environs of Ap*eun-san Mine. The placer fields which used to be worked by several hundreds of miners but are now utterly deserted, are : Tai-koan, the upper Tai-yong-gang, about 7 ri S. of Sak-jyu ; the Nai-ok-gang and its tributaries ; the rivulets, flowing down from the between Keui-sy6ng and Nam-chang; and the upper Tai-dong-gang and its tributaries, from Tok-chhyon to Kil-ch, about 13 ri £.N,£. of Yong-pydn. The following placer Belds are less important, the first seven being at present worked by less than 50 miners and the next six being : — Pho-phong, about 8 ri N.£. of Hu-chhyang ; Tok-chyong-ni, about 47s ri N.£. of Hu'Chhyang ; Kil-sang-ni, on the rivulets flowing down from the mine there; the upper course of the river flowing down to Napchhyong-tying between Tydng-jyu and Ka-san ; Clia-mo-san, on the rivulets flowing down from the mine there ; I-myo-ha-ri, about i ri N. of Kui-song, on the rivulet of a tributary of tiie Tai-dong-gang Syuk-chhydn and its vicinity ; on the lower course flowing down from the mine there; on the river starting at the Kal-eung-nyoiig, from its source to the north of Sak-jyu ; Syangkoaog-doi, on the rivulet coming down from the mine there ; Syang-dan-dong, a tributary of the Sam-tari-gang, about 5 ri E. of Eui-jyu ; Syon-chhyon, on the rivers flowing duu n from the mine there ; and about 5 ri N.W. of i'hydng-yang.

Hoang-hai-do. — The placer fields are rather limited in their distribution as well as in their number, and the workmen engaged do not exceed a thousand in number even in a famous field. The

oldest field now known was opened about 30 years ago and the first ten years w as the most flourishing period. The placer fields in Syang-hoa, including Nara-tydm, Oi-tydm and Chyung-tyom, each of which is distant from Syang-hoa, about I ri \V., 6 ri S.E. and 2 ri S.E. respectively, were worked actively 10 — 20 years ago, the first being worked now by about 100 men and the latter two by 10 — 20. The placer fields : — the neighborhood of Syu-an Mine, on the tributaries of tlic Tai dong-gang and \'oi-song-gang ; Yulchi, about ri N.N.E. of Chhyuk-chhyon between Chyang-y6n and Hai-jyu ; the vicinity of Paik-chh}'on ; and Yul pho, about 3 ri S. of Paik-chhyon : — were more or less actitvcly worked for some years, but at present only 10 — 30 men are at work. Chhy6ng-sanni placer field, about 2 ri W.S.W. of Chyuk-chhyon, is less important and is at present abandend.

— There is no placer field worked, except an area belonging to the Chick-san Mine. The placer fields of Ko-il-li, about 3'/2 ri X.X.W. of Pho-chhyon and of Syaug-phum-ni, about 5 ri N.N.E. of Yo-jyu, are less important.

Kang-u6n-do. — There are 3 placer fields worked, where the workmen more than one hundred, are to be found ; that is, Tangkokai, about 5 ri N.N.W, of Keum-sy5ng, on the lower course of the stream coming down from the mine there, about 300 men are at work ; Uon-thal-li, about 4 ri N.N.W. of Chhyun-chhyon, along the Nang-chhyon-gang, the miners, more than one hundred, are at work; and Yang-dok-uon, about 3 ri S.W. of Hong-chhyon, along a tributary of the Hong-chhyon-gang, Among the follow ing placer fields, the first ten are at present worked by 10-50 men, while the remainder are utterly deserted : — Keum-gok, about ri W.N.W. of Hoi-yang ; Phan-keui-ri, about 47 ri li. of lioi-yang ; Syoi-pho, about 4 ri N.W. of Phyong-gang ; Ha-tai-ri, about i ri E. of Nangcbhy

5n ; Ko-rdi-ri, about I ri S. of Nang-chhyon ; about V, ri S.W, of Chhyun-chhydn ; Koan-chhydl-Ii, about 9 ri S.W. of

Chhyun-chhyon; Cliyong san, about 8 ri S.W. of Uon-jyu ; Chhyon. pho in Chhyung-chhydng-do, facing Chydng-san beyond the Taidon-gang; Mol-un, about 5 ri E. of Chyong-sydnj Hoang-pho, about 2 ri S.S.W. of I-chhyon ; Ko-pan-snn, about 4'/ ri W.N.W. of Yang-gu ; Kyong-dong-nii about Vt n Phyong-chhyang ; and Tyo-tun-ni, about iVt ri S.W. of Phyong-chhyang.

Chhyung-chhyong-do. During about 25 years until 5 years ago, mining in the numerous placer fields was actively carried on but at present the workmen do not exceed a hundred in alL The famous placer fields, which used to be worked by several hundreds of miners, are: — Chyok-chi-tong, about i ri W. of £um-sydng; Udn-am, about 3'/ ri S. of Po-eun ; Chyang-tai, about aVi ri S. o Iloang-gan; the vicinity of Yong-dong ; the neighborhood of Thydn-an; Seung-thydn, between Thy6n-an and Mok-chhyon f Chhyong-yang, especially the vicinity of Y6k-chhy6n. They are all abandoned, except 3 placer fields, Udn am, Thyon-an and Seungthy6n, which are still being worked. The following plcacer fields are less important, the first 3 being worked by less than ten men and the remainder being abandoned : — No chhyon, about iVri of Hoang-gan ; Tu-man-dong, about 2V1 ri N.N.E. of Koang-jyu i Tong-chhyon, about I'/z ri W. of Koang-jyu ; the minor fields along the Han-gang, between To-tam, about I'/i ri N. of Tan-yang, and Mydng'O about 3 ri S.W. of Chhyong-phung ; Syol-dol, about 2 ri S. of Chhyong-jyu ; and Syong-tying, about I ri N.W. of Tai-tari, between Koang-jyu and Yon-gi.

Chyol-Unlo. The placer fields of Yang-pal-li of Im-sil, about 572 S. of Chyon-jyu and of Tong-chang, about 4 ri S. of Na-jyu, ar now worked by 200—300 miners. Abandoned placer fields are

found in the following places : — Chin-san j Chyon-cio and Hu-do, along Keum-gang, about l ri N. of Mu->jyu ; Sydl-chhydn, about j'/i ri E. of MU'jyu ; Peuk-chang, about i ri S. of Mu-jyu ; Sin-chhydn, about ri S. of Mu-jyu ; Mul-guHi, a tributary of the Keum-gang between Yong-dam and Chin-an ; Pai-kok and Tal-gil-li, about 5 ri W. of Chain-an; Kal-dam, about 4 ri S.W. of Im-sil; Kyo-ryong, 2Vt ri N. of Nam-uon ; Yon-pha-tying between Nam-uon and Ku-ryoi ; Chhyo-gydi of Nam-udn* about 2Vt ri £. of S3ain-chhyang ; Syoi-gol, about Vz n 'E. of Sya-chang at about 4 ri N. of Po-song ; and No-dong, about 2 ri N. of Po-song.

Kydng-sang-do. The placer fields in Ma-tjyang-ni and Salphyo-djyong, which are near the famous temple of Hat-in-sa, about 1 1 ri N. of Hyop-chhyon, were opened in 1904 and about 200 men are now at work there. They are now the most flourishing in Kyong-sang-do but the area is quite limited and will be soon worked out. The placer fields: — Paik-chhyon-tari between Ko-ryong and Sydng-jyu ; Chhang-bat and Pi-gok of Chhy5ng-sang, in the valleys around the mine there ; Heuk-syu, in the valle) coming down from the mine there ; and Yong-dam of Chhyang-uon and its neighboring district belonging to Chhil-udn and Ham-an, in the vallcjrs around the mine there; — were ever worked with much activity, but now only 20 — 50 men are employed. The following abandoned placer fields will here be mentioned : — To-cbhydn, about 2 ri E.S.E. of Pong-hoa ; Keum-tang, about 2 ri W.N.W. of Ydichhyon ; Clihung-ni, in the valleys near the mine there; Hong-kok, about I ri S. W. of Ydng-<:hhydn ; Chhydng-kydng and Syang-gy5i, about 4 ri E. of Y6ng-chhyon ; Uon-tool (Syu-song), about i ri N. of Syang-gyoi ; Kam-sil, about 9'/, ti N. of Kyong-jyu j Sydkabout l ri N.W* of Kydng-jyu ; Yang-mok of In-dong, near the station of Yang-mok; Kak-san, about ri S.SAV. of the

sadie station ; U-kok, about 2 ri S.E. of Hai-in-sa ; U6l-kong-ni, about Vi ri S E. of U-kok ; Ku-pok, about 2 ri S. of Mil-yang ; Oa-ji, about I ri W,NAV. of Ku-pok ; and Paik-sa, about 2'/, ri N.W. of Ham-an.

III. Silver and Lead Mines.

There are several deposits ol silver and lead ores, but as none are worked at present their mode of occurrence is not clearly understood. The deposits are all of quartz veins with galena, containing silver and gold.

O-man-tong (South Ham-gy6ng-do). — The mine is situated on a mountain flank, about 3 ri N.W. of Chyang-jin. It was opened some hundred years 9%o and reopened about 30 years back, the working being continued until 1902 and yielding daily several hundreds kin of lead and some silver, when it was actively worked. It is said that the vein consists of quartz gangue with numerous ore-strings which are o.i — i.o foot wide, and the thickness of it varies in a wide range from i foot to over 10 feet. The ore-string Is composed of aigentiferous galena, zinc-blende, pyrite, etc.

Chhang-phyting (North Phyong-an-do). — The mine is situated in the village of Chhang-phydng, about 5 ri S.S.E. of Ui-u5n. It was opened about 30 years ago and worked since then for 5 years. Two quartz veins 5 inches thick, w ith argentiferous galena, occur in garnet-bearing granite-gneiss and dip .S.£. steeply.

So-min-dong. — The mine is situated on a mountain flank at about I ri S. of the village of So-min-dong, about 9 ri E. of \'ongpydn. It was worked at times since several hundred years ago but about ten years back it was utterly abandoned. Numerous minor veins of a thickness less than i inch or sometimes i foot, traverse the Palaeozoic limestone. They intersect one another in networks, forming an irregular mass, and sometimes attaining a thickness of 30— 40ft

. Kj, by

It is extended for about 1 800 feet in length along the strike of Hracstone, that is, N. 35* W. Ores are quartz with argentiferous galena.

Ta-tdk-ri (North Kydng-sang-do). — The mine is situated about I ri N.E. of Pong-hoa. It was opened about 1 5 years ago and worked for 3 or 4 years. It was reopened about 8 years ago and abandoned again after being worked for I or 2 years. One vein 5 feet thick, is found in quartz-porphyry. It runs from N. to S. Ores are quartz, containing argentiferous galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, etc.

P8ik-u6l-san (South Kydng-sang-do).— F&ik-udl-san stands at a distance of about 2 ri N. of Chhyang-uon. At the north of the mountain lies a village, Peuk-kyoi, and at the south, Pan-ya-dong. The district is composed of green porphynte. On the mountain flank of the north of Pan-ya-dong, abundant small ditches or basin where the ores were mined in former times, are arranged in a N. — S. direction. The abandoned ores generally contain 0.0010 % os silver. In the valley of Peuk-kyoi we see a quartz vein of 0.2 — i.o foot thick, extending over one thousand feet on the strike, which is N.— S. or N. 20* W. Numerous abandoned mines are seen along the vein.

IV. Copper Mine.

Except the Kap-san Mine there is none worked for copper. The mode of occurrence of the copper deposits is not well known

but we may roughly divide them into three classes : — i, metalliferous veins, as in the Chhyang-uon Mine ; 2, contact deposits, as in the Tong-tydm and Sin-tydm Mines ; and 3, metasomatic deposits,

as in the Kap-san Mine.

Kap-san Mine, This mine is situated in the village of Ko-chin-dong, about 7 ri

£. of Kap'San. Communication and transportation depend upon the road running from the mine to Peuk-chhyang through Kap-san,

the distance being about 35 ri, and Sin-chhyang, the harbour, may be reached within 4 ri of Peuk-chhyang. The mine was discovered and worked more than a thousand years ago by a Chinese. Since it was known by Koreans as a profitable investment, the Korean government transferred the mine to the management of Koreans. About 24 years ago it was worked under the direct control of the Imperial House of Korea and for two years the most prosperous period in the history of the mine set in, about 20,000 miners earning their living by the mine. At present there are 40 miners employed in the mine and the total population of tlic v village is about 2000. The production of copper is not exactly known but is. estimated to be 40,000 kin from 240/xx)'— 360,000 kin of ore monthly.

The mining district consists of the alternation of limestone and marl, with interbedded clayslate and sandstone. These rocks are often metamorphosed by the conlact of granite and overlaid by basaltflow or intruded by basalt-dykes. The strike of the strata is N. — S. or N.N.E. — S.S.W. and the dip is E. or W., forming folded strata. The deposits occur in limestone, and form large irregular masses of sulphides replacing limestone along its stratification. They are found to extend from N. to S. and to dip E. 50"* — 60'. The deposit now worked is the third one .ever found, its perceptible extension being 70 — 80 feet and the thickness being over 20 feet in the most favorable case. Generally the boundary of the deposit with the country rocks is raUier sliarply defined. Ores are chalcopyrite with some admixtures of arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite but without any gangue or contact minerals. The percentage of copper in the ores is generally high, and it is 20 % in the rich ore and 5—6 % in the poor one,.

uiyiiiuLi Uy

with an average of over lo %. The following is the result of the chemical analysis of an average ore : —

Ctt. Fe. S. SiOi>

The Minor Copper Deposits or Mines.

Tong-tydm and Sin-tyOm (South Phydng-an-do). — Tong-ty5m is situated about 7 ri S.W. of Hu-chhyang and Sin-tyom about 2V2 ri S. of Tong-tydm. The mines in the two places were opened about €0 — 70 years ago and worked until the year 1904, though twice or thrice they encountered the misfortune of having been abandoned. About 3CX) men had been engaging at times in the mining until the year 1874, thence the number of miners decreased gradually. The copper deposits occur in the contact zone of the Palaeozoic limestone with interbedded clayslate, with granite. The two copper deposits in Tong-ty6m run almost parallel each other from N.N.E. to S.S.W. The deposit in the west is 5 feet thick and dips W.N.W. 70% and that in the east is. I'/x feet thick, dipping £.S.£. yd*. In Sin-tydm> chalcop3rrite, associated with quartz, p3mrhotite and jalena, forms several minor bands running parallel to one another along the contact zone.

Chhyang-udn (South Kydng-sang-do). — The mine is situated about I ri N. of Chhyang-u6n. It was opened about 20 years ago and worked under the control of the Imperial House of Korea. In 1893 it was transferred' to the management of a Japanese. The mine yielded about 20,000 kin of ore monthly in 1904, but in 1905 the rich ores were worked out and the mine was abandoned in the same year. One] vein is here found in green porphyrite and runs N, 10° E., dipping W.6o — 70°. The thickness of the vein is 1 — 27t feet. It extends 53—60 feet on the

. Kj, by

strike, and gradually thins away at both extremities. Ores are chalcopyrite with admixtures of pyrite and mother rocks, yielding in general about 20 % of copper.

V. Iron Mines.

Iron ores are of three kinds : hematite, magnetite and limonite.

Their mode of occurrence may be divided into three classes : i, beds, as in Kai-chhyon ; 2, veins, as in Sin-chhydn ; and 3, contact deposits, as in Maik-mil-dong and Ma-san-pho. A few depomts in PhyGng an-do and Iloang-hai-do are now worked, the ores being reduced for the manufactures of farming tools, etc., for local use.

Mi-KrhhyOn (South Phydng-an-do). —The mine is situated at the east of the village Mi-chhyon, about I'/iri W. of Kai-chhyon. I. was opened about 10 years ago and at present 40 — 50 miners are at work. The output is about 15 kwamme' of ore a miner per diem. One limonite bed is inserted in marl and dips X.\V.6o*'. It has a thickness, varying from 4 to 12 Ceet and may be traced for 600 feet along the outcrop. Ores contain 62.25 % of iron.

Sin-kokui — The mine is situated on the mountain flank at the southeast of the village Sin-kok&i, about 27t ri S.W. oC Kai-chhydn. At present 15 miners are at work, yielding 4200 — 5000 kwamme of ore a month. The country rock is marl with interbedded clayslate. One limonite bed, 6 — 12 feet thick, is found in clay slate and dips N.W.20*'. The ores contain 65.4 % of iron.

Chyon-bahoi — The mine is situated on tlic mountain side of . the village Chyon-bahoi, about 2 ri S.S.W. of Sin-kokai. It was earliest known by miners among the iron deposits of. Kai-chhydn but now only 4 or 5 miners are employed. Here clayslate alternates with marl and quartzite. Four limonite beds of 4 — 5 feet

I. Measure of weight i. Kwamme 3.75 kilogr.

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thick are inserted in clayslate, ma S.20* and dip £. 1 Ores

contain 64.32 % of iron.

Kulmoi-san of Sinchhy6n (Hoang'hai-do).--rKul-moi-san is an

isolated hill, 24 m. insight, havingabase6oo long in circumference.

It is conveniently situated on the bank of a tributary of the Chairydng

-gang and about 3 ri E.S.E. of An*ak. The hill consists of

grey or black cla31ate. A vein is found in the western part of the

hill and runs from N.W. to S.E. It is wedge-shaped and thickest

in the north, being 28 in. thick and becomes gradually thin toward

the S.E. Its extension is only 45 m. The vein was worked in

1904 and 800—900 kvvamme of ores were then transported to

Chmul-pho. Ores are hematite, rarely accompanying limonite.

The following is the result of the chemical analysis :

Fc. SiO. S. P. Sp.gr.

Keum-san-pho. — The iron deposits crop out on the hill at the east of the village Keum-san-pho, about 3 ri N. of Eul-lyal and also on the hill of Ha-phydng-chhon of Chyang-ny5n, the opposite bank of Keum-san-pho. The country rocks are highly decomposed and seem to consist of the alternation of the Palaeozoic limestone and clayslate, running N,4o'*— 6o*W. and dipping S.W. 40*. The mode of the occurrence of the iron deposits is not yet ascertained. Blocks of limonite and hematite of a size, varying from apea to a human head, together with clayslate and quartz, are found abundantly scattered in a brown clay on the hills, especially near the surface. They are collected and sold as materials for iron works. On the east of Keumsan-pho, one deposit is interbedded in limestone. The deposit now worked, forms a lenticular mass, 6 feet thick, 20 feet long and 20 feet wide. Besides these, small hematite veins occur in clayslate. The ores on the hill were probably derived from these

deposits by disintegration. The ores were first mined in 1899 and at present a few of the deposits are worked in places. The following is the result of chemical analysis of the ores

Fe. Mn. SlQx S. P. Sp.gr. Ketun-san pho. Lidronite 51.91 a86 6.81 Tiace 0.067 3.8iB

Haophyjng-cbhon. ,y ss.rs 1.56 6.46 0.126 3.782

Boondary district. Hematite 60.24 0.48 7.00 tf 0.040 4.770

Ku-ri-pang. — The hill of Ku-ri-pang, about i ri E. of Chai-ryong, consists of flayslate, sandstone and conglomerate, running N.6o 75* E, and dipping W.N.W. 20*— 30*. The rocks are highly decomposed and form a thick clayey deposit on the surface. Blocks of hematite and limonite of several sizes of from a pea to a human head, are found scattered on the hill or sometimes intermixed in clay to a depth of i — 3 feet, and up to 10 feet in shallow valleys. Sometimes they are concentrated in the form of the bed. They are now mined by Koreans. The following is the result of the chemical analysis of the ores :

Fe. Mn. SiOt S. P. Sp. gr. Rich ore. 53.61 0.23 8.85 0.08 0.038 3.565

Poor ore. 50.99 Q.82 12.49 Tiaoe 0.070 4.836

Maik-mil-don ( Kang-u6n-do). — The magnetite deposit occurs in the contact zone of hornblende-schist with syenitegranite on the mountain frank, about 4 ri S. of Thydl-udn. Its thickness reaches 30 feet when su pollen. Ores are black and hard titaniferous magnetite, yielding 49.56 % of iron and 1.52 % of titanium.

Ma-san-pho (South Kyong-sang-do) — An iron deposit is found near a pass, about i ri £. of Ma-san-pho. It occurs in the contact zone of the Mesozoic clayslate with granite and extends from N.N.W. to S.S.E. Ores are magnetite and limonite.

VL Graphite.

Numerous graphite beds are interbedded in gneiss and crop out in the neighborhood of Yangbang about i Vi n W.N.W, of Hamchhyang in North Kyong-sang-do. They are i — 4 feet thick when swollen but are soon separated into thin bands. Two years ago about kwamme of graphite was mined and transported to Tokyo.

In the Palseozoic region, about 3 — 4 ri N. of £un-san in Sonth Py6ng-an-do, graphite was worked by the British Codperatioii

Company.

Vii. Coai-.

Coal occurs both in the Mesozoic as well as in the Tertiary* The Mesozoic coal except that in Sa-ri-u5n belongs to anthracite

and the Tertiary coal to the lignite of inferior quality, both being non-caking.

The coal field in tlie environs of Phyong-yang (Sonth Fhydng-an-do) — The coal held is a low and hilly tract of 10150 meters high and is conveniently situated, near the Tai-dong-gang by which transportation is easily effected.

The strata there are the alternation of sandstone and shale, and run N. 80* E., dipping N. or S. Foldings and faults are very frequent and make the mining difticult. Coal belongs to anthracite. It is very brittle and crumbles very readily. The following is the result of the chemical anal) of these coals :

Volatile

matter. Coke. Ash. S. Sp. gr.

Chymig-flan dong. — 16.10 78.60 6.30 057 —

Mnn-sya-pong. 2.88 ix.29 S1.04 4.79 0.64 —

i'75 4i5 8S97 S.io 0.45 —

. Kj od by

7$

Volatile

matter.

Coke.

Ash.

s

op. gr.

Paik-yang-san.

Yongtang.

7S.S0

a46

Ro-pmg-iaD.

U.80

Sin-yang-dong,

District— The district embraces the hilly tract to the west of Phyong-yang, just opposite the town beyond the Tai-dong-gang. Coal seams which crop out in a zone, extending over 2 km. from P&ik-yang-san, west of Fhy5ng-yang, southwestwards to Pam-namu-dong through Mun-syu-pong, were more or less actively worked in places about 15. years ago, and in 1904 it wa.s mined under the management of a Frenchman, but in the next year it was again transferred to the control of the Imperial House of Korea. The coal seams are three in number, being 4—8 feet thick. Their strikes are £. — W. or N. dipping S. 25"* — 40*. At they have been dislocated by a fault and extend from the south of Chyung-san-dong to Syo-plio. Their strike is £. — W. in the east but gradually turns northward until it changes N. — S. in the west, bending like a bow. The dip is S. 40° in the cast but changes eastward and at Syo-pho it is E. 45% One important coal seam here has a thickness of 4 feet. In the western flank of Mu-ro-san one coal seam 3 feet thick, runs N. 60. E., and dips S.S.E. 20°.

Ko-pang-san District. — In the southwest of Yong-tang, about 2 ri E. of Phyong-yang, on the west bank of the Tai-dong-gang, there is one workable coal seam, forming a syncline. The geological structure is much complicated but the strike of the strata is

in general W.N.W.— E.S.E.. and the dip is N.N. E.30 A workable seam is said to be of lo — 30 feet thick and was worked for a year, a few years ago. A coal seam of 1—6 feet thick, dipping N. 40*— 50", is found at the east of the village and was worked a few years ago.

A coal seam on the hill side of Ko-phang-san, about i km.

N.E. of Yong-tang, w as more or less actively worked for 2 years since 1894. It is 10 — 20 feet thick and may be traced for about 330 m. along the outcrop. Its strike is E,— W. and the dip is N. 30*.

There rises Tai-song-san at the north of Yong-tanfj, on the foot of which a coal seam about 12 feet thick was worked about 8 years ago. To the north of the mountain we see another coal seam 5 feet thick.

Besides the coal seaim mentioned above, we may find, in the village of Kam-peuk-udn, about i ri N. of Phy5ng-yang, a coal seam

of 3 feet thickness, which holds the strike X. 70° E. and the dip N.N.W. 20*. At Heung-pu-ri, about i ri N.E. of Phyong-yang, and also at Chhil-sydng-muii of Phy5ng-yang, thin coal seams are found.

In a hill to the northwest of Sin-yang-dong, about 4 ri E. of Phyong-yang, there are a few coal seams, one of which has a thickness of 2 — 3 feet and was once worked. The strata are severely disturbed but in general they strike N. 50" — 80° W., and dipS.W?6o'.

A coal seam which extends from Ma-sang-dong, about 6 ri E. of Phyong-yang, to Sin-sa-dong, is 5 — 10 feet thick and dips S.S.E. 30".

The coal field in Sam-dung. — The village of Tho-tari is situated along the road between Phyong-yang and Sam-dung, about 8 ri E. of Phy5ng-yang, and is 2 km. distant from the Tai-dong-gang. Coal seams crop out here and there in the district about

Diyiiized by

westwards from Sut-kokai, about E-N.E. of Tho-tari. They are interheddcd in shale and sandstone, dipping N.N.E. 5o One important seam is 3—6 feet thick and was worked 10 years o. Coal belongs to anthracite. It is very brittle, and yields few lumps. The following is the result ol the chemical analysis :

Volatile

matter.

Coke.

Ash.

S.

Sp. gr.

The coal field in Sa-ri-uon (Hoang-hai do), — Coal seams were discovered through railway cuttings in the village Sin-sai-chhon about 2 ri E. of Sa-ri-un, which lies about 3V2 km. of Pong-san. The strata are the alternation of shale and sandstone, running N. W. and dipping E.N.E. 25*. Several coal seams are interbedded in shale. One important seam is 3 feet thick and may be w orkable. Coal is black. and hard, and belongs to the brow n coal. The following is the result of the chemical analysis of the coal:

Volatile

HkO. matter. Coke. Ash. S. 7.80 44.80 37.20 9.50 1.50 18.86 34.75 37.35 9.04 t.6s

The coal field in Thong-sin. — The coal field is situated about I'/i ri S. £. of Thong-sin. The rocks are shale and sandstone, accompanied by the eruption of granite, and dip S.W. 30*. One coal seam 0.4 — 1.5 feet thick crops out on a hill side and may be traced for over 180 feet on the strike. Coal belongs to anthracite and is ver>' brittle. Another coal seam in the south of the town was worked a feu years ago.

The coal-bearing strata of Tol-moe (North chhyung-chhy5ng. do). — An isolated hill which stands on the northern bank of the

u kju.Lo

Keum-gang, opposite Syd-pho, about 3 ri of Kun-san,

condsts of clayslate with thin sandstone, dipping N.W. or N.N.W, 60" — 70'. A coal seam in the clayslate is 0.8 — 1.2 feet thick but is likely to thin out. Coal belongs to anthracite. It is very brittle, and gives a few lumps. The following is the analysis of it :

II2O. nuUer. Coke. Ash. S. sp.gr.

7'i3 7-82 69.09 15.96 0.33 1.954

The coal-bearing starta in Hoa-syun (South ChydMa-do). — In

a small valley between Iloa-syun and Tong-pok, about 3 ri from Hoa-syun, a coal seam is interbedded in clayslate and sandstone, running N. 70* W., and dipping N.N.E. 45*. The thickness of it is 30 feet with 2 or 3 partings but it is liable to thin out. Coal belongs to anthracite and is very brittle. The . following is the analysis of it:

Volatile

H.O. matter. Coke. Ash. S.

Tertiary CoaL

Some of the coal seams in the Tertiary strata have a thickness of over 5 feet, offering a quantity sufficient for working. However they are of very inferior quality and are not adapted for firstclass fuel. A small quantity is at present mined in Ham-gydng-do for domestic use and as fuel for the evaporation of salt water. Coal belongs to inferior brown coal. It is dark brown in color, and when exposed to air it ealy breaks and splits up. The composition of coal in Ul-san is shown as follows :

Volatile

HO. matter.- Coke. Ash. S. 30.I3 40.31 33.16 7.51 5.40

The coal fields in Ham-gong-do. — Coal seams 3 — 6 feet thick are found in three places in the vicinity of Chyu-udn and Oa-tong,

. Kj, by

about I ri S. of On-sydngf. In Na-nam, about iVx ri N. of Ky5ng-sy

Ong ; in Saing-keui-ryong, about '/i ri S.S.E. of the same town and in To-chang-tong, the southern side of Saing-keui-rydng, coal seams 4 — 5 feet thick are intercalated in the layers of clay, sand and pebble, and arc worked by the farmers there. Some coal seams are found in the following localities : Uon-Syu-tai, about i ri E. of Kydng'sydng ; the neighborhood of Hoi-rydng ; eastern flank of Pong-hoa-chhi, N. of Myong-chhyon ; Tok-yuk-ri of Kil-jyu; Phung-nam-ni of Ham-heung; and the coast of Yougheung.

The coal fields in Kyong-sang-do. — Along a small pass, 7t S of Ydng-hai, two coal seams are interbedded in gently undulating shale. The upper coal seam is i foot thick with a parting 2—5 inches thick and the lower is 2 — 3 feet thick, the two seams being separated by shale $ feet thick. At Mydng-chhydn, about km. N. of Chyang-gi, 4 coal seams of over i foot thick are interbedded in shale and sandstone, the total thickness being about 30 feet, and dip. N. 20*.

In Yong-dyson, about 1 km. S. of Chyang gi, numerous coal seams are found in the alternation of shale and sandstone. They run N. 70 E., and dip. N.N.W. 15* — 17*, An important seam is — 3 feet in thickness. A coal seam 6—8 feet thick crops out on the hills in Syang-syo-dong of Kyong-jyu, about 37t ri N.N.E. of Ul-san and is interbedded in a grey shale, overlaid by greywhite tuff. The Tertiary strata of Pam-dong, about 172 E.N.E. of Ul-san overlay the Mesozoic unconformably and consist of a gently undulating shale, overlaid by a thick bed of grey-white tuff. Many coal scams arc interbedded in shale and tuff, among which two are more important, the upper being 6 — 8 feet in thickness . and the lower 3 feet thick.

. Kj, by

8o

VIII. Peat.

Peat occurs in alluvium at a depth varying from 5 inches to 5 feet and is 0.5 — 4.0 feet In thickness. The localities now known are : P&ik-chhyon-pho about 4 ri of Yong-chhy6n ; Syang-dan, I la-dan and Syo-song-ni of Eui-song, on the north directly from Paik-chhydn-pho ; No-sang-ni and Syang-dan, about i ri S. oC Kak-san, and O-san-J-ri, about 4 ri S.E. of Tyong jyu (all in Nonth Phyong-an-do). Peat in Yong-chhyon and Eui-jyu is 2 — 4 feet thick and is worked by Chinese since 10 years ago. Peat in Kak-san is 8 inches thick and was once worked by Chinese, while that of Tyongjyu is 27a ieet in thickness and was discovered in 1905. The following is the result of the chemical analysis of peat in Ty5ng-jyu.

Volatile

HiQ. matter. Coke. Ash. S. 13.87 23.11 13.34 0.37

kj -d by

I

Index

Of

Geographical Names In The Text

Transliterated after Prof. B. Kotd and S. ICana2awa*s System.

Ly

A-deimg-ny6ng Am-ch6kri

Amnok-gang

An-ak

An-clinal-li

An-hyop An-jyw An-my6n do

Ap-eun-san Mine

M it

Chhya-rytSng

C hhyaun-ny ong

Chhyang-nycJng

Chhyang-uon

Chhyoii-dong

Chhyong-bahoi

Chhydng-chhyon-

£rang ClihyOng-ha Chhy6ng-ky6ng

Chhyong-san

m til

fit w

ChSriPo-san

lU

Chhy6ng-san-ni

Clia-san

lU

Clia-song

iA

Chliyong-song

m

Chai-ryong

Chhydng-yang '

Chang-phytmg

Chhyii-uol-san

Che-mul-pho

m

Chhyun-chhyon

# jii

Cheung-yak

J& Iff

Chai-ryong

ft

Chhang-chhyong

It

Chhil-song-mun

1

Chi-ri-san

Chhil-uOn

Chi-ryoi

Chho-eum-yong

Chik-san

Chhogy5i

Si

Chin-an

it

Chlio-gyoi-san

:*it it-

Chiti-li.ilbi

Chho-san

m

Chin-do

&

C.hung-yang

Chin-hai

Chin-jyii

Cliyonjj:-sv6n

Cliin-nam-pho

Cliyoncr-sync:

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It

Chyon-jyu

Chin-san

Chyu-chyon

Chin-ton-ang

m

Chyu-uon

Chuk-ka-ryong

fir

Chyung-gang

#

fl:

Chyak-rydn

C'!ivunc'-ni

M

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C hy ung-san-dong

lU

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Chyan-gNvii-yang

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C hyang-paik-san

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Chyang'tai

C hy an g-y on

Chy.>-il-ly6ng

Chyc-pho

Chy >i-iyu-do

C hyoi-ry 6ng-san

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Chyong-eup

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;B it ir

£ d til

ft

j'H ft

/'I P % M

& # S

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m m

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f

Ha-ram-san

T S

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T M

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W %

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Ham-chhyang

Ilam-gong-do

m M

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n w

Ho-am

f I' l-e hhyon-gang

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Hoa-ryong-ni

i.J Si M

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a K M

Huang-chin

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Hoang-chho-ryong

I long-gan

Hoang-hai-do

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. Hoi-ryong

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Hol-kol

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W

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tr. a

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Eg

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Rl

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ii

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m

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m

Kang-gyui

S:

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Ko-mun-san

s.

m

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Ko-ryong

Us

m

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lU

Kap-san

LlJ

Ko-song

m

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Koan-chhyoMi

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llj

r-M

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Koang-jyu

m

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Koang-sy in -kokai

m

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it

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lU

Kok-san

Keiim-song

Kok-skiing

Keuin-taiig

it

Kom-saii-yong

m

Kon-pha

Kil-iyu

Kil-sang-ni

m

Kong-jyu

Kim-hai

m

Ku-il-san

B

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Ku-kokai

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Ku-ong-bong

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Ku-ri-pnim

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JKu-ryoi

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K

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Ky6ng-geui-do

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fi

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lU

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lU

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h

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n

Mi-ryong

ai

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Mo-ak-san

Mok-chhyon

;ii

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If

Mol-im

Mol-un-chhi

Mon-syu-pong

Mon-tong-ni

Mu-an

Mu-jyu

Mu-ro-.san

Mu-san

Mu-san-ry6ng

Dl Iii

iMul-gul-li

1

Mun-chhi-san

Mun-gong

n

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Alun-song-yang

m

Myo-hyang-san

#

m

My5ng-chhy6n

Myong-tai-dong

m

My5r-ak-san

M iB

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Na-jyu

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Na-nam

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fl-

Naing-s'u-tyom

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Mam-liai-Hf*

M Mi

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Wi ic ill

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no'-rli li iii-P'aiif

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NeiitT -don*'"

No-chhyon

m ill

No-dong

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8 iA

On-yang

i n

P.

Pai kok

Paik-chhydn

g ill

Paik-chhyon-pho

Paik-chhyon-tari

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Paik-hyon-ni

a iH Jl

Paik-pong-yong

6 m IK

Pik-sa

Pdik-tu-san

Paik-un-san

I'aik-uol-san

& n Hi

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Pam-dong

m

P;im-namu-doilLr

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Pan-song

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Pan-ya-dong

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Peuk-kyoi

Pu ku

Peuk-tai-chhyon

Pu-ryong

Phan-keui-ri

He IK M

Pu-yo

m

Pul-da-san

Phc-phong

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ft ¥ UJ

Pho-u5n

w %

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m m

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Sc M

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¥ a

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Phyong-gang

Phydng-san

# Iii

Sa-ri-u5n

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Pi-rai-san

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lo-eun

m

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± lij

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H it

Pong-nim-dong

Sang-ny6ng

Pong-san

Seung-tliyon

Pong-syci-tong

ili*:!

Sil-Yong

Pop-am

Sin-chhyang

Pu-cho-ri

Sin-chhyon

Pu chyul lying

Sin-gyoi

m m

Pu-ang

jl

Sin-yang-dong

Pu-hang-yong

l£ Ji't &i

Sin-kokai

m m

Sin-mi-do

Sin-phung

Sin-sa-dong

Sin-sal -chh on

Sia-tai-chhy5n

Sin-ty6n

So-min-dong

Ssart-rydng

Sut-kokai

Sya-chh;ing

Sya-chang-yang

Syang-dan

Syang-dau-dong

Syangoi

Syangkong-dong

Syang-nixon

Syang-phum-ni

Syang-sy5-dong

Syo-chyoi-san-tong

Syo-heimg

Syo-koam-yuk-ri

Syo-pho

Sy6song ni

Syo-yang-gang

Syoi-chhyang

Syoi-chyuk-chung-dong

Syoi-goi Syok-am-ni Sy6k-chang-ni

w

4t0

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A M

m m

oyoi-uOz

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m #

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Tai-chhyong-san

s jt m

Tai-donf;-gang

. Kj, by

Tai-dun-san

TIiyQn-ma-san

lai-ha-san

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Tai-heung

To-chang-tong

m

Tai-hu-jyu

± m ji'H

To-mak dong

m.

M m

Tai-kak-san

To-tam

m

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Tai-ku

Tok-chydng-ni

A M

Tai-masan

T6k-hy6n-tong

K M

Tai-nyonf-gang

Tok-to-uon

M Is

Tai-phyong

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m

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Tong-chang

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± m iij

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m

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n m

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Tyo-ryong-goan

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til m

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M M

Thai-cbhydn

in

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±

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%

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n

Va:ig-dok-uon

Yong-dyson

Yang-cu

n

Yonir-franc"

it

Yang-ir ok

Yoncr-uoan £?

Vang-pal-li

?

Yontj-ounii

Yang-sydk-dong

Yons'hai

Yang-ti-chhon

fife

1 J

Yo-jyu

Yong-hoa-bang

Y5-san

n

Y6ng-il

. m.

a

Yo-yang

a

Yong-nioru

Fs

Ydi-an

ji

Yong-pan-ni

n

Y6i*cliliyon

Yong-pydn

Yong-san

B

u-yang

Yong-san-gang

lU it

Yuk-sim-ny6ng

+

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m

Yul-chi

Yong-uol

m

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-If

Y6ng-u6n

it

Yii-sy5ng

m

Yong-yang

m

The End

Ly

j

t

Ly

.vi-ki:m-san mink

lit

The University of Chicago Librarip ogle

t

I'nntuiir." JO nM- u-rlit-al inJ'.

The University of Chlca Uhrarie<?

Its

Hit B

itlf —

1 m

F-ll

Hi

0f

eg

:

u

Ly

Memoirs of the Imperial geological survey of Japan ..

Overview

Given By

Contents

Chapter I. Introduction.

Chapter Ii. Topography.

Chapter Iii. Geology.

Vii. Porwiyrv.

Viii; Porphvrite.

Chapter Iv. Mineral Resources.

Vii. Coai-.

Index

Geographical Names In The Text

Dl Iii

# Iii

-C Wd

M Is