Water Resource Problems Related to Mining in the Blackbird Mining District, Idaho

Joe A. Baldwin, Dale R. Ralston, Bryson D. Trexler, Jr. · 1878 · Historical

The Blackbird Mining District is located in east-central Idaho near Salmon, Idaho. The Blackbird Mine is the principal mine in the district.

Public-domain full text preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library. Original source: archive.org.

OY ee ea coy s 5

WATER RESOURCE PROBLEMS RELATED Se

TOA TIERS Pee Re

Blackbird Mining District, Idaho

OGDEN e vostro LORY OGY

: weg ae 2 Ree a a EB -" Completion Report

fe a NaS S or —— Ye ~—Supplements 35 and 48 I REA ae Dee 2 WSR Cooperative Agreement 12-11-204-11

Lies Vor USDA Forest Service

Joe A. Baldwin Dale R. Ralston Bryson D. Trexler, dr.

nei OF 2% Universityor Idaho

Moscow, Idaho 83843

Completion Report for Supplements 35 and 48 to Cooperative Agreement 12-11-204-11

USDA Forest Service

WATER RESOURCE PROBLEMS RELATED TO MINING IN THE BLACKBIRD MINING DISTRICT, IDAHO

by

Joe A. Baldwin Graduate Assistant

Dale R. Ralston Associate Professor of Hydrogeology

Bryson D. Trexler Research Associate

College of Mines University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho

February, 1978

Abstract

The Blackbird Mining District is located in east-central Idaho near Salmon, Idaho. The Blackbird Mine is the principal mine in the district. Metal deposits in the form of cobalt, and copper sulphides have been mined and milled at the Blackbird Mine since 1917. Pyrite (iron sulphide) associated with these metal deposits has been exposed to air and water and has subsequently oxidized to yield acidity (H*), sulphate, and ferrous iron to the water. Additional metal ions are leached from low grade ore and waste rock by the acidic mine drainage.

University of Idaho investigators established surface water and mine drainage sampling stations to monitor water quality and quantity in the mining area. Field observations of pH, electrical conductivity, and temperature were recorded and concentrations of seven metal ions were determined in the laboratory using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Data collected by mining company personnel during the period 1967-71 were also evaluated during the course of this study.

Blackbird and Bucktail Creeks drain the mining area. Discharge from the Blackbird Creek drainage at station 4 (drainage area of 8.6 mi2) was 5,800 acre-feet for the 1976 water year. Stream discharge from the Blackbird Creek drainage (station 4) contained 7.5, 13.4, and 15.2 tons of dissolved cobalt, copper, and iron respectively for the 1976 water year. Mass betance determinations indicate that about 90 percent of the metal load in Blackbird Creek comes from a small tributary stream and a discharging mine portal. Discharge from the Bucktail Creek drainage at station 23 (drainage area of 0.51 mi?) was 97 acre-feet for the period January 1

through December 31, 1976. Dissolved metal loads for the same period were

4.9, 17.5, and less than 0.5 tons of cobalt, copper, and iron respectively. Most of this metal load is contributed by springs discharging from waste piles in the stream drainage.

Availability of water to transport oxidation products and physical location of surface waste features are two variables which may be managed to reduce acid drainage from the mining area. Segregation of acid drainage from good quality water would greatly reduce the volume of poor quality water requiring treatment, and reclamation procedures applied to existing mine features could further reduce acid contributions. Future mining operations should be accompanied by reclamation plans designed to lessen

the impacts of mining.

Acknowledgements

This research was conducted by the University of Idaho in cooperation with the Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology, the U.S.D.A. Forest Service, the Hanna Mining Company and the Idaho Mining Company. The effort was partially supported by a research cooperative agreement with the Surface Environment and Mining (SEAM) section of the Forest Service administered through the Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

A number of individuals contributed to the final product from this research effort in addition to those listed as authors. Dennis Williams,

a former student at the University of Idaho, worked on the project during

the early stages of study. Drs. Roy E. Williams and Myron Molnau, both of the University of Idaho, provided technical advice to the investigators and reviewed the completion report. Roman S. Popielak, formerly with the Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology, provided major field support in well drilling during the project. Eugene Farmer, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, provided technical and financial advice

and assistance as contract officer for the project. Bland Richardson, also with the Experiment Station, provided a water truck used during the installation of piezometers in the study area.

Special thanks go to Robert S. Aikens, Vice-President, Engineering, and Jack A. McAulliffe, mine supervisor, both of Hanna Mining Company for the information and assistance they provided. Jack "Bus" Miller, mine superintendent and others from the Idaho Mining Company provided invaluable assistance during the field seasons. The Idaho Mining Company provided

housing for all field personnel throughout the course of this study.

Table Of Contents

Page

FOCIneGl eee eR a a Ek Se ee eh ee ee we Se ee wre ew iii ACKNOULEDGENENIS © 2 eee we RRS EERE OR ES HH eT OS He, Vv LIS! GF FIGURES cs és ee eee ee ee ew ix List BF TANES ass 6 bak eS eRe Ree EOS SD ee eee ee eS yf LIST OF APPENDIGES cs te KH He Re ke eee es XV CHAPTER IT. INTRODUCTION. 2 ws we ae kb we wk Aw ee ew we Ne 1 General Statement . 2s sk ee eRe we ww ] PUMDOSG ANG UDIGCEIVGS ¢ +58 $B ewe Re Ree eS 2 Description of the Blackbird Mining District. 2 . 26 ws es ws 3 (ENCOUN ba ee ae ee Rh ee eT ee we we 3 GEOOTONOIGUN: as 6% RN 4 OS EH REE HR eS eS 5

Cine An Veer tech caw we ee we ee eR oO we ee ee 5

Lone UGG ss 2s cies ee ae eee. we we ee ee we eS 8

NVGVOt ss dy sw 6 os Swe ee ee ep ee ee Be we bos 8

Geology of the Blackbird Mining District. ... 2. sss we eww ws 8

DElG ROUNS 2 vas RMR RES eR ee we Ke 8 9

SEOrUCUIles 4 ees eee SH SEH SRR Se Oe we 9

Location aig: Character ef the Ming. . ss 6 ew ee we Kee 12 LOCRCIG"N 4 d-s BRR SA Re ee ee ee ee we ew SG 12

HiStONVs ¢ Geka se FER Sake eee oe Fe ee ee KS 12

Mine Workings BA METROGs, ee kt ke we Ke! eRe 14

Previous InVESEIGSCIONS . 1 ws ws ect Rte ee 16

The Acid Mine Drainage Problgm. . 1.8 ss se ee eK RH eK 17 CHAPTER II. DATA COLLEGTION PROGRAM cs wee ee we ee ew 20 EWEIOOUCC (ONG sw hie ws oe Be wes ek ee a se ea 20 Previous O808 GGVISECION, 640 we we ke ew ewe ew 20

1967 and 1968 Date COVTERTION. . sw ew eee eee 8s 20

1060 Ueta COISeCIOn ob kd cae ewe eee 40

TOT) Geta -COrecien 6s cee ew oe SG Re eee eee 28 University of idaho Data Collection Program... 2. 1 Hees © 29 MGtEr CURIVE. Sik eke ee eS Ke eH 29

Sampre Gollection and Treatment . . . . se ue ee es 30

Criteria for Contamination. . 1. ss ee ws ee em eS 33

Surface Water Sampling Locations. 34

Sampling Locations in Mine Workings 35

Ground Water Sampling Locations a7

WAGEr GUBNEIGY at ek wk eR RTT Aw we ee we we 38 Streamflow Measurement Sites. 4-+-+-e.-. 38

Discharge from Mine and Surface Waste Features. 40

Recharge Conditions. sss si eee de HR ee RHE 42

Surtnce MOPPING 4% cs hk SR ee ee eee eS 42

Drill Holes Dye Injections: se. ae ee uw wwe 42

Page CHAPTER III. ANALYSIS OF DATA - BLACKBIRD CREEK DRAINAGE 43 Blackbira Creek Drainage Ara@g .-1 1. 1 as be Ee ew 43 Point Sources of Acid Contribution in the Blackbird Creek DYGINGGE, ss ee Re kK eh ew 43 survece Waste-Featmres 2a © a + se ee ee eH ee a o 0 U.S. Forest Service Revegetation Research. 46 WOSte PIl@s a week ee ee le ee ee ee Ss 46 PROG MASSE. Fite. 6% so 6 ow 6 wo Ge eS So Bee HR Ses 46 F100 Weasel te Ss acc ee & we FO we Awe we Ee Oe 5] Relative Metal Load Eontrtouttons from Surface WESCS PERTINGS: 4 by td 5 ee Re KF Se ee eS 54 MINE WOES Sos week ee eee ee eee ee ae ees 57 Evaluation of Water Movement for Levels 7300 PPDUGn GONG. & 4 mh *kKid ee eR Ree ee 59 Evaluation of Water Movement for Levels 7400 We SOUe kh See oe: 6 ee Se ate ee Oe eee ee 66 Sources of Recharge to Mine Workings in the Blackbird Creek Drainage. . . s a, <'s Foe ee Be 67 Water Quality in Mine Workings in the Blackbird CYEGK DPAINAGG. 4's 6 4 bien % ROY RR GSH 8 Ke 74 Ground-Water Quality at Selected Sites in the Blackbird Creek OVA eGe. aw sa moves Sele ect ie ow Se ee le ee ee ee ee 85 Grail HOIES 2G 4 ans ew ee ee eR ee we 85 Drath GOrss @ Bide. va at a co 4% we 6% a oR we eh eS 92 Variations in Water Quality in Blackbird and Meadow Creeks. ... . 97 Seasonal Variations of Metal Ions. ee Re ae ate Fe 97 Downstream Variations of Metal Ions. +.2e-. 104 Metal Load Variations with Downstream Position 113 Macs Balance Commarisoiss sss sew ee we ew 1s MOsGOw EXC as 5.5 eK! eR AR Se ho OR we 120 BtOteUIGe eT Phs o uh eo os ne ea ae ew eS ee es 122 SUNNY ss eR ee 8 em we eR we ke Re 122 CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS OF DATA-BUCKTAIL CREEK DRAINAGE. 125 MCPORUCTION: 6% £4 aes eK S SEO me eH TR Re EO! RS 125 Sources of Acid Contribution in the Bucktail Creek Drainage 129 sutrace Wasce FERCUFES 5 cs xs co wee Ree ee ee eS 129 Bracwuar) Prt Waste PIGS 6 a a wk ee he ee ew 129 feee MOSTe PUIG ss 6 6 ase Se 6 oe ee a Oe me ee 137 FAUe MORES FU eck sk ee x ee & eee ee ee ee 139 WoGt Fore Wakte Pile, 2 owe ee Ree ew ee em 143

Page

Mine WOrkinges on se wk ee Oow Se ew He He Ee SS 146

Teo GVGl se & wot wow & oS a 'os se sw 146

Tile ewes ga &t.&_b Gb a -Nas @ fw 8 3:8 4.k % 2-4 148

Mine Drainage and the Blacktail Pit 149

Ground Water in the Bucktail Creek Drainage 151 Der Fe ics eee a ee a eee ee 15] Water Level Filuct@tions.. 4. 21 © ® @ ewe ww 153

Water CORTE 6c ec ee ew eS ee SR ee ww 153

Brith S0ie Ges ok se st ee Se hee ee are ee ee 155 Water Level Fluctuations... 5s es ks 156

Water QUANT oc ec eee ee He 156

Water Quality Variations in the Bucktail Creek Drainage 157 SORSGIIAL VAr tenrOlSe 2 be Gok 2 we en a woe ee oe Se 157 Downstream VEFiAEIONS. 6s 2 6 Re ee ee 160 FOCa) MOEA) PROGUETION 3 bee RHO OH eS 163 ALN. 2 a Se ke oe Rone @ ee we ee Se Re: SS ew 166 Chapter V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECLAMATION ALTERNATIVES. 167 GONGINGIONG ss: "cb oyck ao & ew Hoe 8 SY Soe ek ee ew eee oe ee 167 TORE) DISCHAPEB. 5 wes 6 wee He ee Ow ee we 167 Discharge-Metal Ion Relationship 24+24e+e-. 167

Acid Production: Underground Workings 168

Acid Production: Surface Waste Features 169 ROCiOMAT ION ALITEMNATIVGS.: ccs cc ee eee eee we we 169 Underground HOTKINGS Fe we eA we he we we ww 169

Mine Characteristics: . wee me Be wR we 169 Availability of Water to Mine Workings. 171

surface WastG FOEBtUVGS os cc swan wae ewe ee ew 173

F400 MOSCS PING 5s ke eK GATES RES RT Te 174

Meadow Creek and 7100 Waste Pile. 44.. 174

West Fork Fariings Pile ss ee ee ee ee ew ee 175

stream Chantiel Restoration 1. 2s ses ee ee we 176 Roads and Surface Exploration Features 176 Considerations for Future Mining Development. 178 RECTOMATION-COGTS 5 Sic PAT HR hh eh ea He Be SB 18]

REFERENCES CHIED ¢ cow oS w wa é. 6 8 eo ee Pe we ee ee ww Os 185

Figure

Iti-6

List Of Figures

Map of Idaho showing location of the Blackbird District and the Blackbird Mining Q@FG8 . . ew ic ew ce ee

bet geologic map of the Blackbird District from Vhay Ve pa tS ee Se) ee eS ew eR eS we RS ee

Biackbird Ming Facilities cs ce we RR woe KS Location of sampling stations established by Platts, 1967. .

Location of University of Idaho sampling stations on DIAGROIVG LPGER Ae 6 eR ee ew ee we hee eS

Location of University of Idaho sampling stations on MEGUOW CVGER. SG wae ce eT HF

Location of University of Idaho sampling stations on DUCKEATL GIGGhs 6% FECES RRS eR Oe we ew eH

Location of sampling stations Bl through B7, Bucktail Creek .

Streamflow hydrograph of Blackbird Creek at mouth for S71 (WU. 3. GeGl. Survey data). . sw sa ce wee ee ee

Metal ion concentrations at station 17 for 1974, 1975, and 1976, and metal load and discharge at station 17 for 1976. .

Dissolved cobalt, copper, and iron concentrations at station 10 (YG waste pile) Tor 1976. ik ec ete we eed ee

Streamflow hydrograph for station 4, Blackbird Creek, for nG 1975: FICO SONS, ss ek ee Re OH ee we

Hydrographs for stations 4, 7, 15, 6827, and 68616 for 1976.

Variations in water temperature at stations on the 6850 1OVGl Yer We da cs os ee eR Ow! Re we we ee

Cross section 23 showing drill hole 126 in relation to WOE WE ss "ek es Se ee a ee ee ee

Cross sectional relationship between Meadow Creek and mine workings in the vicinity of the 7100 and 7200 portals. .. .

Dissolved cobalt, copper, and iron concentrations at station 0 (6050 portal) fer W976. 6 6 sk ec ee ee hee

Dissolved cobalt, copper, and iron concentrations at station 15, (7400 portal) for 1976 field season.

Figure

Iti-14

Downstream variations in total copper for the 6850 level, Ds oko: ih alee em eee ee ie a el Oe ee ee Be eG

Downstream variations in dissolved cobalt for the 6850 ENG. HOVG 2 cae woe oR Ss @ oe © eo fee Se al or meee ©

Downstream variations in dissolved copper for the 6850 WOlGls [tie a eo & oS wee ew ee Cle he eo ae oe

Downstream variations in dissolved iron for the 6850 level,

Meadow Creek stream profile in the vicinity of the 7100 WOStE PUIG s pew eR KR Re Se

Water level fluctuations for drill holes 3 and 4, Meadow Greek Valdey, WG. ce we ee De eae ee Bw e

Dissolved cobalt concentrations for five piezometers in the Blackbird Creek drainage for the 1976 field season. . .

Water level fluctuations for drill holes 1 and 2, Blackbird Creek, W9U0 6 a wl ss me er wm Sow Bowls, HSL SS eee

Total cobalt, copper, and iron concentrations and discharge at station 4, (Blackbird Creek) for July, 1974, to October, Pe: oS et ob Ae ee ae ee we ek te ea ee

Total cobalt, copper, and iron concentrations at station 6 (Blackbird crack) for July, 1974, to October 1975

Total cobalt, copper, and iron concentrations and discharge at station 10A (Meadow Creek) for July, 1974, to October, Toy aes eek ae whe ee ae ce ce ae la we ae ea a

Dissolved cobalt, copper, and iron concentrations and discharge at station 4 (Blackbird Creek) for 1976

Dissolved cobalt, copper, and iron concentrations and discharge at station 10A (Meadow Creek) for 1976.

Total cobalt concentrations in the Blackbird Creek drainage for duly, 1974, to. Getober, 1975. . 1's ck we be wee Total copper concentrations in the Blackbird Creek drainage for duly, S74, to October, 1975. sa e's we oe ew EO

Total iron concentrations in the Blackbird Creek drainage TOY ULV, 1974, tovecoper,s 1976. . we se oe be @

Page

9]

Figure

Dissolved cobalt concentrations in the Blackbird Creek arainage TOP 1876, sin. 2 ewe Ke Hw ee ee eR

Dissolved copper concentrations in the Blackbird Creek CUO Tol ee se ee Boe ee ae eS ee ee ee SR ee

Dissolved iron concentrations in the Blackbird Creek OPaieoe- TOF. lees of ee be ee ee ee ee eo Se

Downstream variations in dissolved cobalt metal loads along Dlacepire: Greer TOP W7G ce oh EM He HT RRO eR HR Rs

Downstream variations in dissolved copper metal loads along Blackbird Creek Tor 1976 . k.n< 6 8 sik oe 8 8 ee He

Downstream variations in dissolved iron metal loads along Blackbird Creek fOr 1876 i. cs ce cee Ee ee Ke

Dissolved cobalt, copper, and iron metal loads along Black- Oru COGAN Far 48 ee se. 6 c-s ee Owe SR Be we HE Hod

Location of sampling stations on Bucktail Creek. Stations Bl through B7 are shown on Figure IV-2

Location of sampling stations Bl through B7, DUCKEAN) PrGen. dg oh soe © 6 2 ne we om bl a eee oe ee

+3

Distribution of Fe'~ and Fe(0H)3 as a function

Valley profile and approximate location of mine workings in the Bucktail Creek drainage.

Discharge in Bucktail Creek between stations 19 Aid 22 TOY VEG. ka kek ew ee eee ee we

Gain in streamflow between stations 19 and 21 and StationssBbiciand: Be Sc wee. le ue wt ee en eee

Water level trends for drill holes 5 and 6 for the here Rte Seen 2 ae bi eee ee eae el ee

Total metal ion concentrations for June to November 1974 and June to August 1975 at station 23 (ONGMERIS ONE lee eas oko es ee ee ee ee

a,

Figure

Plate IA.

Plate IB. Plate II.

Dissolved metal ion concentrations for 1976 field

season at station 23 (Bucktail Creek). 4.2.6-.

Average copper metal load in pounds per day along Bucktail Creek for the period August 1 to August 14,

To 6.4% eae eee Le oe we ee ee ee 8 2,

Average discharge in gallons per minute along Bucktail

Creek for the period August 1 to August 14, 1975

Average metal ion concentrations from stations 19 to

28 for the period July 12 to November 2, 1974.

Blackbird Mine facilities showing location of future mine

development (after Davis, 1972). s-seseeceee

Plates

Plan view of Blackbird Mine workings showing underground

sample station IGcktIONS, 6 ce ewe eR Cw ewe

Cross sectional view of Blackbird Mine workings

Logs and construction details for piezometers in the

Brack Pra Minne BOR f 2 5 ks kw ee & a ee oe &

List Of Tables

Total monthly precipitation in inches at Cobalt, Idaho, for

the period January, 1961, through December, 1977.

Generalized section of Belt series rocks, Blackbird Mining

District, Idaho (from Umpleby, 1913, and Vhay, 1948).

Location and station number of water quality sample stations established in the Panther Creek study area, 1967 (Modified

rie Fe ee es 6 re ee On ee ea ee ee SH

Results of analysis of unfiltered and filterd water samples

6550 bevel, Dracepire Mine. +6 s+ © we we ee ee we oe

Results of analysis of filtered and unfiltered samples of

GUS Pr eUe Wate lea mea, etcetera Sacee sarlewtee etc oe ates capnenl Sek See tereres

Ded w 2 Soe ee @ eS ee ee ee eo ele ee ole bow

Discharge stations in Blackbird Creek drainage with periods

for which data are availablé: 6 § . so. ea 8 eh 6S eee

Average and total metal production from surface waste point

discharge sources in the Meadow Creek drainage.

Discharge analysis of the 6850 level for 1976

Water quality data for different sources in mine workings in

Blackbird Creek drainage for the 1975 and 1976 field seasons. .

Metal load production from underground workings in the Black- Bird Creek GPATNRGE 2. ce cc eee eh eee EE

Ground-water quality in the Blackbird Creek drainage during

Na. Tego Viele SeasOn. a ce kee ew ew en ee He ae ee

Mass balance comparisons for Meadow Creek for the period 5-01

TO Jools WE wae ea HOT Teo oe we

Mass balance comparisons for Blackbird Creek for the period

S-Ul Ce-fasly WG. 2k eee ee A ee Re Hw

Discharge stations in the Blackbird Creek drainage with

periods for which data are available

Water quality and quantity characteristics at selected

stations on Bucktail Creek for the 1974 low flow period. .. .

Page

Table Page Iy-3 Water quality of surface runoff on Blacktail Pit

Iy-4 Comparison of water quality between stations 17 —

ana Wo GUFind 19l4. haw st ho 8 2s HF BRS ORR RS 137 IV-5 Approximate metal loads and metal ion concentrations

for 7117 ground water discharge for 1975 and 1976 based

upon mass. balance -Galeulations. ws © es ee we eo 144 IV-6 Estimated total metal load and discharge from the 7265

and 7117 portals (Stations 20 and 22) for the 1975

WALEVUVEON. 2 swe 8 © Sw ww oR MS Se hw we ee We ee 148 IV-7 Average water quality of portal discharge in the Blackbird

Wine oreo Tor Ti6e oe se he ee ee Se ee eR we we ee 150 IV-8 Discharge per foot of workings for portals draining the

DrtCR tT INE ace ke ew ee RO ee ee Oe ee 152 IV-9 Average water quality parameters at drill holes 5 and 6

during the: 1976 field season. sc 6c at we ee a we ew 155

IV-10 Calculated and estimated metal loads at station 23 TOP NOPROUS HOPIOGS cs ack Bw SRK Re eh ee ew 165

Appendix I-]

List Of Appendices

Water quality analysis of samples collected July,

1967 (Platts, 1967). Metal ion concentrations are

given in ppm. Numbers in parenthesis are corresponding University of Idaho sampling stations.

Water quality analysis of samples collected October 19,

1967 (Platts, 1967). Metal ion concentrations are

given in ppm. Numbers in parenthesis are corresponding University of Idaho sampling stations. . 1... 6s es @ es

Dissolved copper content of water samples collected by

Platts, 1967. Concentrations are in micrograms per

liter (ug/1). Numbers in parenthesis are corresponding University of Idaho sampling stations. 4..

Metal ion concentrations in water samples collected by Platts, 1969. Samples collects on 10/2/67, 12/8/67, WV fGes OR SPIRO ccc tee ee eK ee ee eS

Water quality and quantity data for 1969 from the Blackbird Mining area. Samples collected by the Idaho Mining Company. ee ee ae ee ee ee

Water quality and quantity data for 1971 from the

Blackbird Mining Area. Samples collected by the

Idaho Mining Company, USDA Forest Service, and

beanie Daperinent OF HERVE s 4 6 es 6 ka Ke ee ee we ee

Water quality data for 1974, 1975, and 1976 from the Blackbird Mining Area. Samples collected by University of Idaho personnel 26.6eee0-

Discharge data for Blackbird Creek drainage Tor 1974, 1975s GMO 1976s 5 sc cs ee et ew ee ee we HS

Discharge data for Bucktail Creek drainage Toy 1974, U37S, OWE TSG 2 2 kk ke ee ew eee

Water level data for piezometers installed by University of Idaho personnel, 1976. <6.2 52228 tt sees

Page

Chapter I Introduction

General Statement

In October, 1972, the 92nd Congress of the United States passed the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. The purpose of this legislation was to give more weight to earlier legislation in the areas of protection and nadntatuerie of the quality of the environment. Designated Public Law 92-500 (PL 92-500), the amendments apply to the mining, milling, and metallurgical industries by way of Sections 301, 302, and 304, under Title III - "Standards and Enforcement, Effluent Limitations". These sections state that by July 1, 1977, the best practicable control technology currently available must be applied to waste effluent, and that by July 1, 1983, the best available technology economically achievable must be applied to waste effluent.

The metal mining industry has historically been a source of poor quality water. Effluent produced by the industry is often low pH in nature and high in dissolved solids. In many instances this water was discharged directly into nearby streams with no treatment to remove dissolved metals or suspended solids. With the implementation of such acts as PL 92-500, operating mines have constructed tailings ponds and installed water treatment facilities to meet effluent guidelines. However, some mines which have been abandoned or closed prior to adoption of effluent guidelines continue to discharge poor quality water to surrounding streams.

Numerous examples of this situation exist in metal mining areas of the

northwestern United States. Sceva (1973) noted areas in Oregon, Idaho, and

Washington where inactive mines contribute dissolved metals such as iron, manganese, copper, and ane is nearby drainages. High concentrations of dissolved iron and aluminum pose a major water quality problem in the vicinity of Cooke City, Montana, where two inactive gold mines are located (Sonderegger and others, 1975). Poor quality water discharging from one of the mining areas drains into nearby Yellowstone National Park. Twenty-five areas in Colorado affected by acid mine drainage have discharges high in iron and sulphate as well as other trace elements (Wentz, 1974; Moran and Wentz, 1974).

This study deals with water resource problems of the Blackbird Mining District in east-central Idaho. The Blackbird Mining District borders the scenic Big Horn Crags Recreational Area on the south and lies east of the Cental Idaho Primitive Area. Discharge high in dissolved metals and low-pH in nature originates from the inactive Blackbird Mine, the principal mining site in the district. Poor quality water discharging from the copper-cobalt mining area flows into Panther Creek, a tributary to the Salmon River. The Salmon River has been designated a Wild and Scenic River by the Congress of the United States. This Study was initiated June, 1974, by University of Idaho personnel with funding from the Surface Environment and Mining program of the USDA, Forest Service. The Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology (IBMG)

provided field vehicles throughout the course of the field study.

Purpose and Objectives

The study was conducted to provide the mining company and the Forest Service with an analysis of alternatives for reduction or elimination of

water quality problems in the Blackbird Mining District. The objectives

of the study were to delineate alternatives for water quality control with respect to mine related features of the Blackbird Mine, and to evaluate and recommend techniques to minimize water quality problems in future mining activities in the district. The specific objectives of the study were to: i. Determine the relationship between ground-water recharge, movement; and discharge,and acid production in underground

workings and surface waste features in the mining area.

ii. Determine the relationship between surface and ground-water quality for surface waste features and stream drainages.

iii. Determine the relative contributions of poor quality water from the various sources in the mining area by a quantitative analysis of flow and metal loads.

iv. Recommend procedures for reducing acid production from present surface and underground mining features, and recommend solutions to potential problems of acid production from future mining operations.

Description of the Blackbird Mining District Location

The Blackbird Mining District is located approximately 25 miles west of Salmon, Idaho, and lies within the U. S. Geological Survey's Blackbird Mountain 1:62,500 quadrangle (Figure I-1). The Blackbird Mine is located at longitude 114920', latitude 45°02' within the quadrangle. The mining area is drained by Blackbird and Bucktail Creeks, both tributary to Panther Creek in the Salmon River drainage. The Panther Creek drainage basin includes Blackbird Creek which drains an area of about 23 square miles and Bucktail Creek which drains an area of about 1.7 square miles.

The townsite of Cobalt is located on Panther Creek approximately ten

miles east of the Blackbird Mine. The Hanna Mining Company, through the

Enlargement

114°20'

45°10'

National

Little Deer Cr

Blackbird Mining Area

©.

Moscow

Lewiston Pp 1 j '

salmon ee o 3 Blackbird O.Salmon ce District ] i (see enlarge- a ment) a owl's, Ss . ied t ' O BOISE "q 5) vf Idaho e@ Falls ' ® (0) 50 100 Miles ! ay Se Se eae ee of O Pocatello ,

win ©

—— — "- — Ooo cae

Figure I-1. Map of Idaho showing location of the Blackbird Disrtict and the Blackbird Mining area.

Idaho Mining Company, owns the townsite and is a full-lease holder of the Blackbird claims. Ten to fifteen people maintain a year-round residence at Cobalt.

Cobalt and the Blackbird Mining District may be reached by three gravel surfaced roads from U. S. Highway 93; from the south via Challis over the Morgan Creek Summit, From the east from Salmon over the Williams Creek Summit, and from the north up Panther Creek via Shoup. The route east from Salmon is maintained throughout the year while the other two routes are maintained

only during the summer months.

Geomorphology

The topographic expression in the district is one of rugged relief. Elevations range from 4,000 feet above sea level in the valleys to over 9,000 feet above sea level on the mountain peaks. The geomorphic development is in the youthful stage exhibiting broad flat topped mountains, steep canyon walls, and very narrow valley floors. Drainage and stream patterns appear to

be fault controlled.

Climate and Vegetation

Climate of the Blackbird Mining District is continental with considerable influence from east moving maritime air masses. Consequently, most precipitation events are due to thunderstorm activity in the summer and large storm cells during the winter months. Most of the annual precipitation occurs during the winter months in the form of snow. Average snow depths on March 31 for the period 1968 to 1975 were 50 inches on the Morgan Creek Summit snow course and 49 inches on the Williams Creek Summit snow course. Average water

content on March 31 for the same eight year period was 16.1 inches for the Morgan

Creek Summit and 14.9 inches for the Williams Creek Summit.

Precipitation data are available at the Cobalt townsite from 1961 to 1976. These data are presented in Table I-1. Two storage type precipitation gages were installed in the study area in October, 1974, following procedures outlined by Trihey (1974). Precipitation gage one was installed near 'the mill at an elevation of 6905 feet. This gage was located on a south facing slope. Precipitation gage two was installed near the Bucktail Pit at an elevation of 7885 feet. This gage was located on an east facing slope.

Precipitation from October 1, 1974, to September 30, 1975, was 24.6 inches for gage one and 23.4 inches for gage two. Precipitation for the Same period was 19.9 inches at Cobalt. During the 1975-76 water year, precipitation at gages one and two was 28.5 and 29.6 inches respectively. Precipitation at Cobalt for this serie was 22.5 inches. As expected, precipitation is greater at the higher elevations in the Blackbird Creek drainage than at the Cobalt townsite.

Vegetation in the district is controlled by climate and elevation. North and south facing slopes.also play a dominant role in vegetation types and distribution. Douglas-fir dominates on the upper south facing slopes with scattered Lodgepole Pine and Subalpine Fir. Bsughas-Ste and Englemann Spruce predominate on the lower north facing slopes with Lodgepole Pine and Subalpine Fir dominant in the higher areas. Valley buttons are covered with a variety of Englemann Spruce, Douglas-fir, Ponderosa Pine, willows, sagebrush, mountain

mahogany, bunch grass and various shrubs.

Table I-l. Total monthly precipitation in inches at Cobalt, Idaho, for the period January 1961 through December 1977.

October November December January February March April May June July August September Annual 61-62 0.47 1.66E 0.49- 0.68 2.80 1.84- 1.33 0.91 0.07- 62-63 1.42 2.04- 1.62 0.65- 2.59 0.79 a7 1.36 5-21 0.62 0.35 1.11- 63-64 2.61 1.69 0.73 2.54- 0.71 0.77 3.36 0.97 0.49 64-65 0.29 2.56 0.29 0.10 65-66 0.00- 1.03 1.01 1.44 1.39 0.00- 0.76 1.63 66-67 0.78 0.88 0.99 1.69 0.61 1.89 3.36 0.93 2.91 1.65 0.24 1.48 17.41 67-68 2.98 0.47 0.99 0.72 1.69 0.86 1.07 1.42 2.29 1.99 3.34 2.48 20.30 68-69 0.76 3.24 1.27 2.58 0.39 0.63 1.09 0.99 2.52 1.76 0.13 0.68 16.04 69-70 0.99 0.64 T..52 2.75 0.40 1.85 1.08 1.65 3.42 1335 0.49 2.68 18.82 70-71 1.76 2.06 1.50 3:33 1.10 1.70 3.25 2.54 1.56* 0.88 0.77 0.68 Zs 71-72 1.02 1.65 2.78 rer LatZ 2.03 1.30 1.01 212 0.67 1.61 1.65 19.82 72-73 0.84 1.08 1.19 0.91 0.05 0.9] 1.34 0.72 2.00 0.93 0.97 2.58 13.52 73-74 0.92 2.85 2.23 1.89E 0.83 2.89 0.59 1.63 0.43 0.74 1.45 0.18 16.63 74-75 0.75 0.87 1 Ralf 3.26 1.02 1.18 2.65 1.88 1.65 3.30 1.80 0.32 19.85 75-76 3.20 032 2.80 2.20 1.61 1.24 1.83 1.56 1.27 1.07 2.00 1.90 22.50 76-77 0.33 0.34 0.29 Mean 1.33 1.39 1.44 2.00 1.07 1.30 1.91 1.54 2.35 1.36 Las 1.40 No. of Months 14 13 14 13 15 13 13 12 1 12 14 12 Percent Annual 7.3 7.6 7.9 11.0 5.9 Evil 10.5 8.5 12.9 135 6.2 Vad Mean Annual Precipation 18.22 inches. - missing values during month accumulations during month ™

E estimated values during month

Land Use

Mining and logging have played the major land use roles in the Blackbird Mining District. Mines have operated' intermittently from the early 1900's to the late 1960's. The support population center during this time was the village of Colbalt. Logging operations are ongoing at various locations in the district at the present time.

At the present, the recreational value of the area is considerable. The mining area borders the Bighorn Crags Recreational Area.on the south and the Idaho Primitive Area on the west. Increased demand is being felt throughout the area for the support of hunting, fishing, camping, and hiking

activities.

Hydrology Stream flow in the district is typical of the variable flow of mountainous regions. Runoff. is high during the spring snowmelt season dropping to very low values during the late summer and fall. Flooding of the stream bank and channel will occur and the potential for stream scour is high during runoff. As a scvedaoenas, sediments from tailings and waste piles in the mining area are transported downstream and are redeposited: on

the flood plains and channels of lower Blackbird Creek and Panther Creek.

Geology of the Blackbird Mining District The geology of, the Blackbird Mining District is dominated by Precambrian metamorphic rocks of the Belt series (Anderson, 1947). South of the district, these impure quartzites are overlain by Tertiary age Challis Volcanic rocks while they form discordant contacts with granitic

intrusive rocks contemporary with the Idaho Batholith in the north. Border

facies between the metamorphic and intrusive rocks are common to the area. These metamorphic rocks have a regional scale folding system striking east-

west with moderate dips to the north and east (Anderson, 1947, p.26).

Belt Rocks

The Precambrian metamorphic rocks of the Belt series have been derived primarily from thinly bedded argillaceous quartz sands. Ripple marks, cross bedding, and mud cracks suggest the existance of a shallow sea. Various degrees of regional and contact metamorphism have altered the original sediment to thick sequences of recrystallized quartz and biotite micas. Garnets, chlorite, and feldspathic enrichment of border rocks are present in the contact zones with the Cretaceous intrusive rocks. The Belt series rocks in the Blackbird area have been subdivided into four reasonably distinct structural units based on composition, schistosity, and color (Umpleby, 1913; and Vhay, 1948). The oldest unit is the Blackbird, overlain by the Lookout, the West Fork and the youngest, the Haynes Stellite (Table I-2). All four units are believed to be correlative with the Yellowjacket formation of Belt age (Vhay, 1948, p. 2). All of the units contain traces of cobalt and copper mineralization; however, the Blackbird unit is the richest and most developed. Figure I-2 is a general geologic map of the

Blackbird District from Vhay (1948).

Structure Structure in the Blackbird Mining District is dominated by several open north plunging major folds with associated drag structures. Superimposed on the large folds are smaller scale folding features of generally the same

Orientation. Northwest trending joint and fault systems have provided ample

Table I-2. Generalized section of Belt series rocks, Blackbird Mining District, Idaho (from Umpleby, 1913, and Vhay, 1948).

Structural Unit Lithology

Haynes Stellite Very thick, massive, dark gray, finely bedded quartzite. Shistocity poorly developed. Fine grained cobalt mineralization with tourmaline.

West Fork Light colored, thinly bedded subquartzite. Little

mineralization. Lookout Dark grey, well bedded, shistose and non-shistose biotite quartizite. Minor cobalt-copper mineralization. Blackbird Dark grey-black, highly shistose biotite quartzite.

Major cobalt-copper mineral associations.

Figure I-2.

Tpd

Ktg GS LB

Bb

Hb

Porphyry dikes/sills

Idaho batholith Garnet schist

Lookout structural block

Blackbird structural block

Haynes-Stellite structural block

— Contact ee Felt

General geologic map of the Blackbird District from Vhay(1948).

avenues for the emplacement of the ore deposits with post ore shearing

contributing to the complexity of the mining situation.

Location The headquarters and mill for the Blackbird Mine are located on Blackbird Creek at its confluence with Meadow Creek (Figure I-3). Levels of most recent mining are located above the'main complex from a main mining level at an elevation of 6850 feet to the open pit operation located at 7800 feet. Mining: extends below the open pit into the Bucktail Creek drainage. Access to the Blackbird Mine operations is by a gravel road

that follows Blackbird Creek from the Panther Creek road.

History

'Noteworthy mineralization in the district was first reported in 1893 by miners from nearby Leesburg. Many small deposits were prospected and consolidated by the Blackbird Copper-Gold Mining Company from 1893 to 1907 but no economic returns were realized. About 4,000 tons of ore was mined and milled from 1917 to 1920 by the Haynes-Stellite:- Company. Concentrates shipped contained about 18 cent cobalt (Vhay, 1948, p. 1). Activity slowed until about 1938 when the Uncle Sam Mining Company reopened two old tunnels and built a 75 ton flotation mill. During the period of 1938 to 1941, 461 ounces of gold, 332 ounces of silver, and 163,485 pounds of copper were produced from the area (Vhay, 1498, p. 1). This venture was financially unsuccessful.

The United States Government conducted exploration in the district in the early 1940's in search of a domestic source of cobalt. In response

to this exploration program, the Calera Mining Company became interested

Blacktail Pit Waste

.e Waste Piles

- Blacktail PILE

Portals 500 to) 500 1000 no SS eee Feet

Figure I-3.

Blackbird Mine facilities.

N

in the property in 1943. The results of a drilling program at that time were promising enough to justify underground exploration. The amount of ore developed by this exploration was considered sufficient to justify

a full scale mining operation, which was implemented in 1949.

With the onset of the Korean War, interest was stimulated in the United States in the production of cobalt, and the Calera Mining Company expanded its production plant at the request of the U. S. Government in 1951. The area reached its peak production in 1958. The demand for cobalt decreased after the termination of a Government contract on the metal in 1959. Calera sold its interest to Machinery Center Company in 1959, who in turn sold controlling interests in the property in 1967 to the Idaho Mining Company, a subsidary of the Hanna Mining Company. All production operations stopped in 1967 and the Idaho Mining Company has been engaged in a program of exploration on the property. Production of metals from the Blackbird Mine included some 14 million pounds of cobalt from 1951 through 1959 (U. S. Cong., 1964, p. 66), and about 63 million pounds of copper to 1952 (Vhay, 1952).

Mine Workings and Methods The Blackbird Mine complex consists of 12 levels, 8 portals, an open pit, 3 major waste piles, a tailings pile, a mill and concentrator, and support facilities. The principal entrance to the mine is at 6850 feet of elevation, marked on various maps as the 6850' level (Figure I-3). This level opens to the main yard which contains the crusher bin, shops, offices, concentrator, etc. This level extends about 9600 feet into the mountain. About 2,200,000 tons of ore have been mined above this level

including 758,000 tons from the open pit mine (Davis, 1972, p. 33). No

ore has been mined below this level, although there is a winze to the 6600' level. Above the 6850' level on the south side of the mountain are the 7100', 7200', 7300', and 7400' levels. The St. Joe Shaft is between the 6850' and the 7100' portals. Two portals on the northern side of the mountain are situated below the existing open pit mine. These are the 7117' and the 7265' levels. The 6850' level passes beneath these two levels and continues to the northwest some 1200 feet.

Mining in the underground portion of the mine occurred from drifts following the lenticular and tabular ore bodies. As a result, much of the rock mined in drifting was of mill grade and waste rock was reduced to a minimum. Ore bodies were removed by room and pillar methods and block caving of overhead stopes. Sand fill recovered from the coarse fraction of the milling operation was returned to the mined areas to provide supeant for continued mining operations or to support abandoned areas. Backfill with tailings was not practiced between the years 1960 to 1967. The movement of equipment, personnel, ore, and waste rock between different levels in the mine was conducted through vertical openings, manways, and ore passes to the main work levels. Plates IA and IB show cross sectional and plan views of the Blackbird Mine workings. The mining operation in the open pit area removed a large volume of rock from an extensive ore zone and created a depression of 11 acres. Waste rock from this operation was dumped into two waste piles (Figure I-3).

Future plans call for the opening of some underground workings and two new Open pit operations. The tentative plan is to mine about one-half of the underground ore by an ore-fill-and-shrink method and the other half

by the untimbered cut-and-fill method. The mined openings will be filled

with mill tailings after the ore has been extracted, and no further open-

ings to the surface are contemplated for the underground mining operation.

Previous Investigations

Panther Creek and tributary streams sustained sizeable runs of salmon and steelhead prior to major development of the Blackbird Mine in 1945 (Corley, 1967, p. 3). Mill tailings and acid discharge into Blackbird Creek occurred with expansion of mining activities and an immediate decline in the numbers of fish in Panther Creek was noted. The decreasing quality of the aquatic environment prompted several investigations of the area in the late 1960's and early 1970's.

The Idaho Fish and Game Commission initiated the first water quality study in the area. Corley (1967, p. 14) noted that no salmon redds (spawning beds) had been noted in Panther Creek in the five years prior to November, 1967, and that toxic materials originating from the Blackbird Mining area were responsible for the elimination of anadromous fish. Platts (1967, 1968, and 1969) carried out aquatic habitat studies which demonstrated that mining and milling activities in the Blackbird Mining area had damaged the aquatic habitat of streams receiving mining effluent.

Water samples collected by Idaho Mining Company personnel during 1969 were analyzed for dissolved cobalt, copper, and iron, and pH values were recorded for all samples collected (McAuliffe, 1975, written communication). The Idaho Department of Health, Idaho Mining Company, and USDA-Forest Service performed analyses of water samples collected from the mining area during 1971 (Jack McAuliffe, 1975, written communication). Farmer and others (1976) presented results of two years of revegetation

research work on one of the major waste piles in the mining area. This

research shows that vegetation can be established on acidic mine waste material if the material is covered with at least 8 inches of native

topsoil which has been heavily fertilized.

The Acid Mine Drainage Problem

Water quality problems have long plagued the mining industry. One of the most common mining related water resource problems is the production of acid mine drainage. As early as 1628, references to acid mine drainage were made relative to the coal mining industry (Hawley, 1972). The following statement referred to a coal region in North America (Hawley, 1972, p. 5):

"I have reason to believe (that) there are good coals (here)

also for I have observ'd (that) the runs of water have the

same color as that which proceeds from the coal mines in

Wales."

Modern-day acid mine drainage has been noted and studied in coal mines in the eastern U. S. for many years (Ohio State University Foundation, 1971). Analysis of acid mine drainage problems of western hard rock mines are not so common to the literature. Mines of this type produce poor quality water which has a low pH and contains a variety of metal irons. The chemistry of acid mine drainage and conditions favorable to the production of poor quality water are well established.

Production of acid water is common to mining situations where pyrite and other metal-sulphides become exposed to atmospheric conditions. Upon exposure to the atmosphere, sufficient oxygen and water are present to initiate the cycle. The oxidation of pyrite occurs according to the following process (Stumm and Morgan, 1970, p. 540-542):

FeSo(g) + 7/2 Op + H20 z>Fe"* + 2504 + 2H" 1)

Although the initial oxidation of pyrite may take place in a dry environment,

FeS + 3 0 —FeSO + SO, a ee 4° 2

there is sufficient moisture in waste piles and mine workings to favor reaction (1). The ferrous iron from reaction (1) is oxidized to ferric iron by: ++ '4 3t

Fe +1/40, +H + 1/2H,0 (2) Hydrolysis of the ferric ion produces ferric hydroxide and releases additional acidity:

, e . Fe + 3H,0 ==Fe(0H) + 3H (3) The pale-yellow to orange precipitate formed is known as "yellow boy" among miners. This insoluble precipitate coats stream bottoms and forms thick sludges in adits. The sum of reactions 1, 2, and 3 + FeSos) + 15/4 0, + 1/Q1 Oaeeret On) + 280, + 4H (4)

shows that 4 moles of are released for each mole of FeS, oxidized; few

other natural weathering reactions produce this amount of acidity.

Various studies (Smith, 1971; Singer and Stumm, 1970) on the importance of ferric iron in the oxidation of Fes. have shown that this reaction accounts for the principle. method of breakdown of the pyrite:

FeSoi<) + Maree" + 8H,0=@15 Fe + 250, +16 HY (5)

When ferric iron is the oxidizing agent, reaction 2 and 4 determine the rate of oxidation of FeS,,. Reaction (2), the oxidation of ferrous to ferric iron appears to be the rate determining step. The rate of this

reaction is a function of hydrogen ion concentration, decreasing with pH down to about 4.5. From pH 4.5 to 3.5 the relationship of Fe'* and 05 concentration changes and below pH of 3.5 reaction (2) is very slow and independent of pH.

At pH of 3.5 or less, bacteria such as Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans F. Sulfooxidans, and Thiobacillus ferrooxidans accelerate the rate of con-

version of Fe' to Fe" . Singer and Strumm (1970, p. 1122) note such bacteria may accelerate reaction (2) by a factor of 10° or more. Walsh and Mitchell (1972) have postulated that bacteria of the genus Metallogenium catalyze ferrous iron oxidation from pH 4.5 to 3.5. Optimum pH for this genus of iron bacteria is 4.1.

Wentz (1974, p. 20) describes the above reactions for a situation where oxygen laden water at a near neutral pH infiltrates mine waste containing pyritic material:

"The FeS, is oxidized, probably by molecular 0, at first (reaction 1), thus releasing Fett and lowering the pH. In addition large amounts of a qre produced. Some of the Fet* is oxidized abiotically to Fe%t (reaction 2) which in turn also oxidizes FeS (reaction 4). As the pH and the amount of available 05 decrease, reaction 1 becomes less important. Moreover, the abiotic rate of reaction 2 also decreases, thus limiting oxidation of FeSo by Fest. However, at this point (about pH 4.5-5) the iron bacterium MetallLogenium becomes important and catalyzes reaction 2 until a pH of about 3-3.5 is reached. Below this value, the Ferrobacillus-Thiobaciklus group takes over the catalysis. It is these later organisms which are responsible for the pH's of less than 3 seen in nature. And, because of the inefficient nature of the Fett to Fe%* oxidation, these organisms also contribute to the disposition of large amounts of Fe(OH) 3 (reaction 3)."

In addition to the formation of water with low pH and high iron, acid

produced from the oxidation of pyrite may also dissolve other minerals

which by themselves do not contribute to the formation of acid waters. The disolution of the sulphide copper mineral chalcopyrite is an example (Davis, 1972, p. 8):

CuFeS, + 2 Fe, (S04), + 2H,0 + 3 05—=Cus0, + sFeso, + 2HSO,4 (6)

Chapter Ii Data Collection Program

Introduction

Initial studies in the Blackbird Mining area pointed out the serious nature of the water resource problems and the impacts on aquatic habitats in the mining area as well as downstream areas. These studies indicated the need for better definition of the problem as a first step towards reduction of acid production in the mining area. Definition of acid production areas required water quality and quantity monitoring at selected sites. Collection and analysis of water samples from the Blackbird Mining area began in 1967. Data collection for this study was initiated in 1974. Various agencies and numerous personnel have been involved in sampling and analysis

of the more than 2000 samples collected in the area to date (1977).

Previous Data Collection 1967 and 1968 Data Collection Following the initial aquatic habitat study by Pense (1965) the U.S. Forest Service initiated a data collection program in the Blackbird Mining area (Platts, 1967). Twenty-five sample stations were established in the mine area along Panther Creek (Table II-1 and Figure II-]). Water quality samples were collected at these stations during 1967 and 1968 by Forest Service personnel. Discharge measurements were not taken during this 'data collection program. Concentrations of 16 anions and cations were determined, and pH, total solids, alkalinity, and hardness data were collected

for various samples during the two year period. A large part of the sample

Table II-1.

Sampling Station

1B (8) 2B (6) 3B (3) 4B (2) 5B

6B

7B

8B

9B

10B (7)

1P

2P.

3P

4p

5P

6P

7P

8P

9p

10P

11P

1M (10A) 2M (13) 3M (16)

Location and station number of water quality sample stations established in the Panther Creek study area, 1967. Numbers in parenthesis are corresponding University of Idaho sampling stations, shown on Figures II-2 and II-3. All other stations are shown on Figure II-1. (Modified from Platts, 1967).

Station Location

Blackbird Creek - Above mill

Blackbird Creek - Below mill

West Fork Blackbird Creek - Above tailings pile West Fork Blackbird Creek - Below tailings pile Blackbird Creek - Mouth of Blackbird Creek

Panther Creek - Above confluence Fawn Creek Panther Creek - Above confluence Blackbird Creek Slippery Creek - Above confluence Blackbird Creek Ludwig Creek - Above confluence Blackbird Creek Blackbird Creek - Mine discharge water - 6850 portal Meadow Creek. - Immediately above mill

Panther Creek - Below confluence Moyer Creek Cooper Creek - Above confluence Panther Creek Panther Creek - Above confluence Napias Creek Panther Creek - Above confluence Little Deer Creek Little Deer Creek - Above confluence Panther Creek Big Deer Creek - Above confluence Panther Creek Panther Creek - Rams Point Campground

Panther Creek - Above confluence Salmon River Salmon River - Above confluence Panther Creek Panther Creek - Above confluence Big Deer Creek Panther Creek - Below confluence Big Deer Creek Meadow Creek - Between St. Joe portal and Blackbird Creek Meadow Creek - 145 miles upstream from mouth

Meadow Creek - Above mining activity

o ® 13)

a)

Mo Vere e Blackbird ine

stations established by Platts, 1967

Figure II-1. Location of samnling

analysis was done by the Idaho Health Department (now the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare). Samples were also analyzed by the Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Department of the Interior (Platts, 1967). Metal ion concentrations were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Water samples were collected in standard plastic containers which had been pre-rinsed with distilled water. The containers were rinsed with the water to be collected and the sample was then collected and saved. Samples were acidified with 1 ml of either HC] or HNO3. Results of analysis of the samples are presented in

Appendices I-1 through I-4.

1969 Data.Collection

The Idaho Mining Company began a data collection program with acquisition of the mining property. -Water samples were collected approximately five days per week from February 24 through October 3, 1969. More than 700 water samples were analyzed by Idaho Mining personnel for pH, cobalt, copper, and iron during this period (McAuliffe, 1975, written communication). Seven sample stations were established in the data collection network. The stations correspond to stations 7, 9, 10A, 15, 20, 22, and 23 of the University of Idaho data collection network. The locations of these stations are shown on Figures II-2, II-3, and II-4. Metal concentrations were determined using a Perkin-Elmer 303 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, pH values were determined with an Ion Research Model 610 digital IONANALYZER. These instruments are located in Cobalt and are owned by the Idaho Mining Company. Discharge data were collected at all seven sample stations. However, information concerning methods and procedures of discharge measurement are not available.

Metal ion concentrations and discharge data are presented in Appendix II-1.

Meadow Cr

a 25 + 6850 Mill 'eo we

A Blackbird (@) is) x 4% : Blackbird Cr. ui , Scale 2000 feet EXPLANATION o Drill Hole

@® Surface water sampling site

aS Portals

Figure II-2.

Location of Universit Creek.

y of Idaho sampling stations on Blackbird

750 EXPLANATION ° Drill Hole

i) Sample Site

Figure Ij-3, Location o

Ff University Of Idaho Sarinling Stations on Meadow Creek.

a

Legend @ Sample Site o Drill Hole A, Portal

fe) 1000 2000 Feet ES

Ns

Blacktail Pit

Figure II-4. Location of University of Idaho samnlina stations on Bucktail Creek. :

1971 Data Collection

Sampling was not conducted during 1970, but beginning in 1971, sampling was conducted by the Idaho Mining Company, USDA-Forest Service and the Idaho Department of Health. The bulk of the sampling was done by the Idaho Mining Company. A total of 366 water samples were collected intermittently during the period February 25 through December 2, S71. Sampling frequency was increased during the spring runoff. Samples collected by Idaho Mining Company personnel were analyzed for cobalt, copper, and iron concentrations. However, no pH values were recorded for the samples. Samples collected by mining company personnel were analyzed using the atomic absorption unit located at Cobalt. Forest Service and Idaho Department of Health personnel collected samples on an intermittent basis. Metal ion concentrations were reported for cobalt, copper and iron. It is not known where these agencies preformed analysis of the samples, nor what methods were used in sample collection. No pH values are available for the samples. Thirteen sample stations were established in this data collection program. Six of the stations correspond to sample stations 2, 3, 6, 7, 8 and 10A of the University of Idaho data collection network. These stations are shown on Figures II-2 and II-3. The remaining sample stations were stations 5B, 6B, 7B, 6P, 10P, and 11P, established by Platts in 1967. The location of these stations is shown on Figure II-1.

Discharge measurements were also taken intermittently throughout the year at 10 of 13 sample stations. No information is available regarding stream gaging procedures used in this data collection program. Metal ion

concentrations and discharge data are presented in Appendix II-2.

on

University of Idaho Data Collection Program During the 1974, 1975, and 1976 field seasons, University of Idaho personnel collected water quality and water quantity data in the Blackbird Mining area. The objective of this data collection program was to gather field information: (1) which could be used to define areas and mechanisms of acid mine drainage production, and (2) which could be used to define relative contributions from the various sources of acid mine

drainage production.

Water Quality

The method of collection and treatment of water samples from an acid drainage situation can have a major impact on results of the analysis. Samples which contain large amounts of suspended material with sizes in the colloidal range may indicate higher metal ion concentrations from atomic absorption analysis than actually exist in the dissolved state. Dissolved ions contained in acid mine water samples are often unstable. When oxygen deficient mine water comes into contact with atmospheric conditions, ions in the lower valance states can be oxidized to higher valance states and metal in solution are precipitated out of solution.

Filtration, acidification, and freezing are three methods of treatment which can be applied to acid mine water samples. Opinions differ as to the effectiveness of filtration and acidification. Williams and Mink (1975, p. 9) elected to analyze unacidified water samples because increased lead and zinc concentrations were noted in acidified samples. However, Brown and others (1970, p. 6) noted that acidification reduces oxidation

and precipitation effects and minimizes adsorption to container surfaces.

Kennedy and others (1974, p. 785) reported that Fe and Al concentrations varied by as much as a factor of ten after filtration through a 0.45 mm (millimeter) membrane filter. This variance was attributed to passage of fine grained material through the filter. Filtration does not give precise separation of suspended and dissolved constituents but is the best method available (Hem, 1970, p. 88). Filtration is still accepted as the best

method for the separation of suspended and dissolved constituents.

Sample Collection and Treatment

All water samples were collected as grab samples in polyethylene bottles which had been anbed. rinsed in a 50 percent solution of nitric acid, and rinsed in distilled water. Bottles were rinsed with the water being sampled at the tne of collection. Electricial conductivity and pH values were determined immediately after collection. Dissolved metals were determined using the atomic absorption unit located at Cobalt or a similar unit located in the Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology laboratory, Moscow, Idaho. The analyses were performed using methods outlined in "Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Waste-water" (1975).

During the 1974 and 1975 field seasons, water samples collected were neither filtered nor acidified. All samples were analyzed shortly after collection. Following a review of the literature, the decision was made to filter and acidify samples for the 1976 field season. Consequently all samples collected during the 1976 field season were first filtered through Whatman #42 filter paper and then acidified to a pH of 3.0 or less. Metal ion concentrations in water samples prepared in this manner are defined as dissolved metal ions for the purpose of this report. Dissolved material is

commonly defined as that material which goes through 0.45 mm membrane filter.

3]

Duplicate samples were collected from five locations on the 6850 level during the 1975 field season to determine the effects of filtration on metal ion concentrations. One of the duplicates was filtered through Whatman #42 filter paper following collection while the other was analyzed as collected. The samples were not acidified. Analysis of the samples was performed using the atomic absorption unit located at the IBMG office in Moscow. The results of the anlaysis of these samples are presented in Table II-2. Iron, magnesium and manganese concentrations were lower for filtered than unfiltered samples at the .05 level of significance. This suggests that filtration removed suspended materials carrying iron, magnesium, and manganese ions from the sample. Concentrations of calcium and sodium were significantly higher for the filtered samples than the unfiltered samples at the .05 level of significance. Four 500 milliliter (ml) distilled water samples were analyzed for Na and Ca to determine if these ions were associated with filtration. One half of each 500 ml sample of distilled water was filtered through a 6-inch Whatman #42 filter paper while the other was not. Analysis of the samples was done using the IBMG atomic absorption unit. None of the samples were acidified. Results of the analysis of the four samples, presented in Table II-3, clearly shows that the filter paper is a source of Na and Ca ions. This accounts for the increased Na and Ca concentrations noted in Table II-2. Copper, cobalt, and potassium concentrations showed no significant change between unfiltered and filtered samples.

Analytical results for filtered and unfiltered samples which had not been acidified would be markedly different from filtered and unfiltered samples

which had been acidified. Acidification would strip metal ions from suspended

Table II-2. Results of analysis of unfiltered anf filtered water samples - 6850 level, Blackbird

Date

4/16/75

4/16/75

4/16/75

4/18/75

4/18/75

Mine.

Sample Number

90U 90F

91U 91F

92U 92F

93U Sf .

94u Q4F

Location Ca

Calera Winze on 6850 level at 20 feet depth

Calera Winze on 6850 level. at 150 feet depth

Pierce Winze on 6850 8 level at 0 feet depth 9.

Pierce Winze on 6850 level at 9 feet depth 10.

Pierce Winze on 6850 level at 20 feet depth

U - Sample not filtered

F - Sample filtered through Whatman #42 filter paper

Ci NO oo am

oo

Mg

13,

las

Ts.

we - Kom) Ow ™N 0

Po

m@

oo wor on oun "NO

(All results are in parts per million.)

ao Dr

fo Re) Ww

hw

WOW oo oF on oo

Oq

oo oo oo oo oo

Co CO oo Nh P

— ad

—

Mn

Ww

Pp worl wo Ww

Nwo

oo oo oo a CO

Co

PO Po

PhO Po wp

S™N S™N

Nh Ww Ww

pH

ce

materials, and place the ions in solution. The metal ions could then pass through the filter paper and metal ion concentrations of filtered and unfiltered samples should be approximately the same.

Table II-3. Results of analysis of filterd and unfiltered

samples of distilled water. (All results are in parts per million).

Sample Metal Ion

Number Cu Na 1U 0.0 0.0 IF 0.5 2.7 2U 0.0 0.0 2F 0.45 2.5 3U 0.0 0.0 3F 0.7 Za 4U 0.0 0.0 4F 0.5 1.6

U - Sample not filtered

F - Sample filtered through Whatman #42 filter paper Criteria for Contamination

To determine the full extent of the effect of effluent from mining features in the Blackbird Mining District, it was necessary to determine the nature of the geochemical background in unaffected areas. Samples were taken from Panther Creek above Blackbird Creek, Deep Creek, Napias Creek, Big Jureano Creek, Little Deer Creek, and two creeks of no name to provide background levels for the area (Figure II-1). Average background values

for these streams in non-mined areas were:

pH 6.4 copper trace cobalt 0.1 ppm iron 0.1 ppm

manganese trace

Surface Water Sampling Locations

A data collection network of 28 stations was established for sampling of discharge from waste features, mine portals and streams during the 1974 field season. Water samples were collected weekly during the summer months and monthly during the autumn months until freezing conditions prevented further sampling. The location of sample stations established during the 1974 field season is shown on Figures II-2, II-3, and II-4. Ten sampling stations were located on Blackbird Creek (Figure II-2). Analysis of samples collected from four of the stations indicated good quality water: the West Fork of Blackbird Creek, Slippery Gulch and the reaches of Blackbird Creek above the confluence with Meadow Creek. Poor quality water enters Blackbird Creek from Meadow Creek and the 6850' portal.

Eleven sample stations were located to monitor the quality of water in Meadow Creek (Figure II-3). The water quality in the upper reaches of Meadow Creek is good. Poor quality water seeps from a large waste pile (Forest Service Re-Vegetation Research Area). Additional poor quality water discharges to Meadow Creek from the 7400' ponint, saaos from the 7100' waste pile and flow from the St. Joe portal. Meadow Creek discharges into Blackbird Creek at the mine office and mill complex.

Ten sampling stations were located along Bucktail Creek and the South Fork of Big Deer Creek (Figure II-4). Poor quality water exists along the entire length of Bucktail Creek and throughout the lower reaches of the South Fork of Big Deer Creek. Water of poor quality is found at the source of Bucktail Creek near the base of the Blacktail Pit waste pile. Additional poor quality water enters the creek by portal drainage from the 7265' and 7117" levels. Adverse effects of this poor quality water is not reduced until

mixing with Big Deer Creek occurs.

Eighteen additional surface sampling stations were added to the network in the spring of 1975 (Figures II-2, II-3, and II-4). These stations were located in areas which would allow sampling of spring runoff from areas which are dry during the summer months and to determine quality characteristics during spring runoff. Samples of runoff from areas such as gullies, roads, waste pile runoff and tailings pile seeps were collected at eleven of the sample stations. Poor quality water was noted issuing from the base of the tailings pile located on the West Fork of Blackbird Creek (stations 100 and 101). Stations 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, and 108 were located at gullies discharging spring runoff water. In general, the quality of water issuing from these small drainages was good. Stations 106 and 107 were located at the botton of 7400' waste pile. The quality of this water was similar to that of the 7400' portal. Sample stations 109 and 110 were located near the mouth of the Blacktail Pit and represented overland runoff on waste material. Station 109 was taken at an approximate elevation of 7525 feet and sample 110 was taken approximately 100 feet downhill from sample 109. Water quality decreased with downhill position for the two samples. During the summer months of 1975, an additional series of eight sample stations was located on Bucktail Creek between stations 22 and 23 to identify the source of increased flow and metals noted in this section of the creek. These stations were numbered Bl, BIA, B2,

B3, B4, B5, B6 and B7. The location of these stations is shown on Figure II-5.

Sampling Locations in-Mine Workings

A data collection network was established in the underground workings early in 1975 (see Plate I for location of sample sites). A total of 50 sample stations were located on the 6850' level. Samples were analyzed for

the same metals as the surface stations. The sample stations included

Wseree creek 23: ~SSss

B7 ay

8 Seep zone

e Sampling station GL =25°

0 50 100 200 300 400 500 feet

7117 Portal

Figure II-5. Location of sampling stations Bl through B7, Bucktail creek.

Legend S=——

9€

of

diamond drill holes, raises, ore passes, and two winzes (inclined shafts connecting two levels). All levels below the 6850' are flooded. Thirteen

and fourteen sample stations were located on the 7000' and 7100' levels respectively during the same period. Sampling of these stations was not as frequent as on the 6850' level. Only limited sampling of the 7200' and 7300' levels was done due to deteriorating physical conditions on. these levels. A total of seven stations were located on these two levels. Fifteen sample stations were located on the 7400' level; discharge at these sites was sampled during the 1975 and 1976 field seasons. An intensive sample collection period was carried out during the high runoff peroid of 1976 on the 6850' level. This collection program was designed to better define recharge relationships occurring

during the high runoff period.

Ground-Water Sampling Locations

Ground-water conditions in the study area were investigated in a drilling program conducted during May and June of 1976. A total of seven piezometers were installed in six drill holes located in the study area. The drill holes were completed with an Acker trailer-mounted drill furnished by Boise State University. Approximately 270 feet of drilling was completed and three-quarter-inch PVC pipe was placed in the holes to serve as a casing. All of the holes were completed in mine waste material and all encountered poor quality water. Locations of the piezometers are shown on Figures II-2, II-3, and II-4. Drill holes 1 and 2 were located on and downstream of the West Fork tailings pile to monitor ground-water conditions in this area. Drill holes 3 and 4 were located in the Meadow Creek drainage. Two piezometers were installed

in drill hole 3 to monitor ground-water quality at different depths. Drill

hole 5 was located on the Blacktail pit waste pile and penetrated the entire depth of the waste pile. Drill hole 6 was located in the 7265 waste pile

and also penetrated the total depth of the waste pile. Water Quantity

Streamflow Measurement Sites

Stream discharge was measured at weirs and flumes installed on Blackbird, Meadow, and Bucktail Creeks, the three major streams in the study area. Stage was recorded daily or continuously at the weirs and flumes and discharge was inferred from a stage-discharge graph. Flow on Blackbird Creek was monitored at station 4 using a rectangular weir with a crest length of 5.75 feet and a Stevens Type F continuous water level recorder. Rectangular weirs are normally constructed so that the velocity of approach to the weir is as small as practical (U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, 1975, p. 25). Weir pools should be maintained behind the weir to achieve low approach velocities. During the 1974 and 1975 field seasons, it was not possible to maintain a weir pool at station 4 and no lateral contraction took place as Blackbird Creek flowed through the weir. The weir met the requirements of a standard suppressed rectangular weir in this configuration (U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, 1975, p. 13). A velocity correction factor was added to discharge computations at the weir during 1974 and 1975.

The approximate discharge at the weir was first determined and the velocity of approach was then calculated from the equation (U. S. Bureau of Reclamation,

1975, p.. 25):

where:

velocity of approach in feet per second

discharge in cubic feet per second, and cross-sectional area of the approach channel in square feet

ou

The cross-sectional area at the weir crest was used in place of the crosssectional area of the approach channel for the purposes of these calculations.

Knowing the value of V the velocity of approach head was computed from the

equation: y2 h 7g 0.0156 y2 (8) where: h head in feet due to the velocity of approach, and g gravitational constant. The discharge was then computed by Q' 3.33 cH + n)3/2 - 93/2) (9) where: Q' discharge in cubic feet per second, considering velocity of approach L length of the weir in feet, and H head on the weir in feet.

The discharge data obtained by the use of this method are given in Appendix

During the 1976 field season, a weir pool was maintained at station 4 and approach velocities were within acceptable limits. The weir was treated as a standard contracted rectangular weir and the equation

Q 3.33 LHe? (10) was used to compute discharge (U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, 1975, p. 25).

Letters in this equation are defined previously. Accuracy of the weir was

checked by comparing discharge values computed from the above formula against

22 discharge measurements made by Forest Service personnel using a Pygmy current meter. Comparison of the data show that the weir discharge values are within 5 percent of the current meter discharge values. This difference is within measurement error. Discharge data for 1976 obtained by the use of equation (10) are given in Appendix III-2.

Discharge measurements on Meadow Creek were made at station 10A during the 1974 and 1975 field seasons with a Parshall flume with a one-foot throat width. The head on the flume was converted to discharge by the use of standard weir tables. The acidic mine water had destroyed this flume by the end of the 1975 field season and discharge measurements during 1976 were made using a 55 gallon barrel and a stop watch. A Parshall flume with a 6-inch throat width was used to measure stage on Bucktail Creek during 1974 and 1975 at station 23. A 90-degree V-notch weir was installed to replace this flume for the 1976 field

season. Discharge data for stations 10A and 23 are given in Appendix III-2.

Discharge from Mine and Surface Waste Features

Discharge from mine and surface waste features included flow from waste piles, mine portals and two stations within the mine workings. These discharge points were identified as sources of poor quality water and discharge measurements were necessary to compute volumes of poor-quality water produced and metal loads contained in this discharge. These discharge points were measured at culverts using a bucket and stop watch, with 90-degree V-notch weirs, and with a rectangular weir and continuous recorder. Table II-4 lists the various stations and measurement methods used. Stations 7, 6827, and 68616 were located in mine workings and were accessible throughout the year. Discharge

at station 7 was monitored during the late summer of 1974 and from early spring

Table II-4. Measurement methods for mine and surface waste discharge points, Blackbird Mine.

Station Measurement Method

7 Rectangular weir and Stephens Type F continuous recorder

9 90-degree V-notch weir

10 Culvert with bucket and stop watch

15 90-degree V-notch weir

17 90-degree V-notch weir

20 Culvert with bucket and stop watch

22 Culvert with bucket and stop watch

Bl Culvert with bucket and stop watch

BIA Culvert with bucket and stop watch

B2 Culvert with bucket and stop watch

B3 Culvert with bucket and stop watch

B4 Culvert with bucket and stop watch

B5 Culvert with bucket and stop watch

B6 Culvert with bucket and stop watch

B7 Culvert with bucket and stop watch

6827 90-degree V-notch weir

6816 90-degree V-notch weir

through late fall of 1975 and 1976. Discharge measurements were made on an irregular basis at stations 6827 and 68616 during the 1976 field season only. The remainder of the discharge stations listed on Table II-4 were inaccessible during the spring months due to heavy snow accumulations and discharge measurements were limited to the summer months. During these summer months, dis-

charge was recorded approximately once a week per station.

'Recharge Conditions

Surface Mapping

Areas of potential surface recharge to the mining features were investigated in the summer of 1974. Exploration trenches, pits, collapse features,

and geologic structures were mapped.

Drill Hole Dye Injections

The total footage of drill holes in the mining area probably exceeds 100,000 feet. Most of the drill holes penetrate faults and permeable ore zones, and many terminate near existing underground workings. A dye-water solution vas Sjectea in selected drill holes during the 1975 and 1976 field seasons to determine if recharge to these holes would discharge in parts of the underground workings. Samples were obtained at selected sites under-ground

for visual observation and fluorometric analysis.

Chapter Iii Analysis Of Data - Blackbird Creek Drainage

Blackbird Creek Drainage Area

The Blackbird Creek drainage includes an area of about 14,700 acres (23 mi2). No permanent stream gaging stations are maintained in this drainage but the discharge at numerous points has been monitored since investigations began in the area in 1969. Station 5B was located at the mouth of Blackbird Creek and measured discharge from the entire Blackbird Creek drainage. This situation was monitored by the U.S. Geological Survey for 1971 only (Figure III-1). For the 1974, 1975, and 1976 field seasons, Blackbird Creek discharge was monitored at station 4. At this point, Blackbird Creek drains an area of about 5,500 acres (8.6 mi), roughly one third of the total drainage basin. Table III-1 lists points for which discharge data are available and length of record for these stations.

Water quality at station 4 reflects input from point sources of acid discharge such as station 7 (6850 portal) and station 10A (Meadow Creek). Water quality at station 7 reflects input from points sources of acid discharge in the underground workings. Likewise, water quality at station 10A reflects input from point sources of acid discharge such as station 9 (St. Joe portal), station 10 (7100 waste pile), station 15 (7400 portal), and station 17 (F. S. waste pile). The Meadow Creek drainage includes an area of about 500 acres within the Blackbird Creek drainage.

"Blackbird Creek Drainage

Point sources contribute varying volumes and concentrations of acid

Discharge in cubic feet per second

50:

' pe Sc er ei Jan Mar May vul Sept Nov Jan

ee

Figure III-1. Streamflow hydrograph of Blackbird Creek at mouth

for 1971 (US Geol. Survey data).

Table III-1.

5B (Blackbird Creek)

Station

(Blackbird Creek) (Upper Blackbird Creek)

(6850' portal)

(St. Joe Shaft) (7100' waste pile)

10A (Meadow Creek)

(Upper Meadow Creek)

(7400' portal)

(F. S. waste pile)

Discharge stations in Blackbird

2-25 to 10-03 7-16 to 9-10

2-26 to 9-30

2-24 to 10-01

Creek drainage with periods for which data are available.

2-18 to 11-09 4-14 to 11-09 6-21 to 11-01

3-31 to 11-09

Period of Record

7-21 to 8-25

8-04 to 12-31 8-11 to 11-02 7-12 to 11-02 7-21 to 11-02

7-21 to 11-02

4-01 to 9-30 4-19 to 9-14 6-03 to 8-01 6-03 to 8-01 6-03 to 10-04

6-20 to 8-01

Sv

water and heavy metals to Meadow Creek and Blackbird Creek. Point source

discharges can be divided into discharge from surface waste features (Forest Service Revegetation Research Waste Pile, 7400 waste pile, and 7100 waste pile), and discharge from mine workings (7400 portal, 7200 portal, St.- Joe portal, and 6850 portal).

Surface Waste Features Ground-water flow systems which give rise to point discharge sources in the various surface waste piles did not exist prior to the creation of the waste piles. For the purpose of the following discussions, a surface waste ground-water flow system is defined as one which has developed in a

mine-related surface waste feature.

Forest Service Revegetation Research Waste Pile

The Forest Service Revegetation Research Waste Pile (F. S. Waste Pile) is located at an elevation of.7,750 feet at the headwaters of Meadow Creek (Figure II-3). About 1.1 million cubic yards of waste are included in the pile. Meadow Creek Grtetaabes in a gully which borders this waste pile on the west. Springs located at the base of the waste pte contribute to flow in the upper part of Meadow Creek during spring runoff. Melting snowbanks on the flat-topped waste pile are believed to supply water for these springs. Air photos taken during the spring runoff period of 1974 show that meltwater travels only a short distance from snowbanks before infiltratincg the waste pile material.

Measurements of conductivity and pH made at these springs during high runoff of 1975 show this water to be of good quality, as is water

at station 16 (Appendix II-1). This indicates that the southern tip of

the waste pile is not a source of acid production. Waste rock in the area

probably contains small amounts of sulfide minerals. Farmer and others (1976) note that this area supports the only vegetation to grow on the waste pile after 20 years.

Waste pile material in the area of station 17 consists of low-grade ore stockpiled there during development of the Blacktail Pit. Analysis of this material (Farmer and others, 1976, p. 6) indicates that large amounts of sulfide minerals are present. Enough moisture is present to allow oxidation of these sulfide minerals to continue throughout the year. However, enough water is available to carry away the oxidation products only during periods of high runoff. During the remainder of the year these oxidation products migrate to the surface of the waste pile and form whitish-blue accumulations of acid salts.

Large volumes of water discharging during a short period of time provide a flushing mechanism for removal of oxidation products built up during low flow periods. Figure III-2A shows metal ion concentrations at station 17 for the 1974, 1975, and 1976 field seasons. The graphs indicate that metal ion variations are not constant from year to year at station 17. Cobalt and copper concentrations dropped slightly during the 1974 low flow period. One conspicuously low copper value which occurred during October, 1974, is believed to be an analytical error. Metal ion concentrations reached a low at the end of the 1975 spring runoff period and then began to rise slightly. The discharge hydrograph for station 10A was included to show the relation between runoff and metal ion concentrations during 1975. Cobalt and copper concentrations showed a gradual increase during

the 1976 sampling period.

(x 100)

10N Concentrations- Parts Per Million

Metal

Metal Load- Pounds Per Day

Total Metals

Dissolved Metals

MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. ocT. NOV. o o 6 : COPPER bs COBALT DISCHARGE 2 (STATION I10A) 3 a ' ° lle 4 MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. ocT. NOV. a ' :

' a 3 50° : aon 230 ! err OL eo) x ° ° MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. oct NOV. " a Figure III-2A. Metal ion concentrations at station 17 (Forest Service wastepile) for the 1974, 1975,and 1976 field seasons. 7s re 1976 100 COPPER 60 COBALT . ie DISCHARGE o% © 50 30 °

a 25 Bs

MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. oct. NOV.

Figure II1I-2B. Cobalt and copper metal loads and discharge at station 17 (Forest Service waste pile) for the 1976 field season.

Revegetation work carried out on the F. S. Waste Pile during late summer, 1975, may have had an effect on water quality at station 17 for the 1976 high runoff period. About 8 inches of topsoil were spread over the waste pile, and approximately one ton of limestone per acre was applied to the topscil and upper 6 inches of waste material. A mixture of grasses was then planted in this soil material. The effects of this revegetation program on water quality at station 17 are difficult to evaluate and may not become evident for several years, if ever.

The relation between metal ion concentrations and metal loads at station 17 is shown for 1976 data in Figures III-2A and 2B. The graphs show that while metal ion concentrations are low during periods of high runoff, the metal load is high because of the large volumes of water. Less dilution of the — quality water occurs as runoff decreases and therefore metal ion concentrations rise during low flow periods.

Discharge at station 17 is the first point source of acid drainage to enter Meadow Creek. Flow at this station has a short duration since the surface area which is drained is only about 10 acres. Discharge dropped to less than one gallon per minute (gpm) by July 1, 1976, from an estimated peak discharge of 100 gpm during mid-May. Small seeps in the vicinity of station 17 persist into the late summer months. Dead vegetation around these seeps indicate that this was also poor quality water. These seeps are thought to represent a local ground-water flow system which drains the waste pile material in the vicinity of station 17. This

would be a surface waste ground-water flow system as defined previously.

7400 Waste Pile

The 7400 waste pile consists of about 50,000 cubic yards of material. Material in this waste pile is thought to be mostly waste rock removed during development work in the underground mine workings. Acid production from this waste pile is probably limited by the low amounts of sulfide minerals present and small surface area available for recharge. Discharge from the 7400 portal flows across the surface and down the face of the waste material before entering Meadow Creek. It is felt that only a smal] portion of the flow from the portal recharges the waste pile as the flow channel is coated with a corcrete-like layer of iron precipitate. Ancther possible source of recharge is spring runoff discharging onto the waste pile from a gully near the 7400 portal (station 108). Runoff from this gully is from snow melt and was estimated to have a peak discharge of one cubic foot per seccnd (cfs) during the 1976 snow melt period. Since this runoff flows along the same channel as discharge from the 7400 portal, recharge to the waste pile is thought to be small. Water quality data for station 108 is giver: in Appendix III.

Only one ground-water discharge point was noted at the 7400 waste pile. Sample 106 was taken June, 1976, at a small spring discharging from the base of the waste pile (Figure II-3). The quality of this water was slightly better than discharge from the 7400 portal (Appendix III-1). Observations during the 1976 field season indicate that this spring discharge continues for a two to three week period during spring runoff.

This is another surface waste ground-water flow system.

7100 Waste Pile

Waste rock and gangue material from the 7300, 7200, and 7100 levels forms the 7100 waste pile. Material in this pile is similar in volume and composition to the 7400 waste pile, but this waste pile differs from the previous two in that Meadow Creek provides a constant source of poor quality water to recharge the waste pile. This recharge appears to supply water to a spring which discharges at the base of the waste pile (station 10). The relationship of recharge to and discharge from the waste pile was documented during the summer of 1974. Rhodamine WT dye was injected in Meadow Creek above the 7100 waste pile ard was detected in discharge at the base of the waste pile (station 10) after five minutes; the distance between the injection and discharge points was about 400 feet. This is another example of a surface waste ground-water flow system.

Station 10 monitored ground water discharge from the 7100 waste pile. Figure III-3 shows variations in discharge and dissolved metal ion concentrations at this station during the 1976 field season. Relative variations of metal ion concentrations are very similar to variations observed at other stations. Concentrations are high during the initial part of spring runoff, low during the latter stages of spring runoff, and increase during the summer low-flow months. Figure III-3 shows that dissolved cobalt, copper, and iron concentrations rose to the highest concentrations on April 3, 1976. Discharge data for station 10 were not available during this period, but the streamflow hydrograph for station 4 (Figure III-4) shows that a small discharge peak occurred during this same period. This

initial discharge peak probably resulted from a brief warm period which

PS) ae o o oO ! !

Copper

Discharge

ainutw wad suo,je6 - abueyosig

8 e 8 ra

8 8 rs

UOL[ [LW 4ad SJued - SUOLZeUQUaDUOD UOL PJaW PaALOSSiG

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Dissolved cobalt, copper, and iron concentrations at sta-

tion 10 (7100 waste pile) for 1976.

Figure III-3.

iy

Mar.

Figure III-4.

Apr. May June July Aug.

Streamflow hydrograph for station 4, Balckbird Creek, for the 1976 field season.

caused some snowmelt and a rapid rise in stream discharge. This runoff was the first large volume of water in the year to flush away oxidation products formed during the preceding low flow period and consequently metal

ion concentrations in this runoff were quite high.

Relative Metal Load Contributions from Surface Waste Features

An analysis of metal loads allows for an accounting of variations in discharge and metal ion concentrations. Effects of dilution can be taken into account because dilution affects concentration but not mass. Metal apsdueeion from the F. S. Waste Pile (station 17) and the 7100 waste pile (station 10) was calculated for 1976. Extensive sampling of discharge from the 7400 waste pile was not done due to the short duration of flow from this source. It is felt that the amount of metal production from this source (excluding discharge from the 7400 portal) is approximately equal to metal production from the F. S. Waste Pile.. In computing metal production from the 7100 waste pile, all discharge at station 10 was assumed to come from recharge from Meadow Creek. Meadow Creek above the 7100 waste pile (station 10B) carries a certain metal load and this metal load must be subtracted from the metal load at station 10 to get the actual amount of metals leached from the waste pile. Table III-2 shows both average metal load contribution in pounds per day (1b/day) and total metal contribution for the sampling period from the three waste piles. As mentioned, extensive sampling of spring discharge from the 7400 waste pile was not performed. The metal loads for this waste pile were estimated based on a discharge of 20 gpm over a three week period with cobalt, copper, and iron concentrations of

23.1, 43.0 and 0.8 ppm respectively (sample 106, Appendix III-1).

Table III-2. Average and total metal production from surface waste point ss

discharge sources in the Meadow Creek drainage.

Co Cu Fe Monitoring Average Total Average Total Average Total Station Period (Ibs/day) (lbs) (lbs/day) (lbs) (lbs/day) (lbs) 10 3/18-8/03/76 © 6 800 7 900 17 2300 iF 5/19-6/21/76 6 200 19 600 -- 106 Flow duration 5 100 10 200 --

est. at 3 wks

Of the three waste piles, the 7100 (station 10) contributes the majority of both dissolved and total metal loads to the Meadow Creek drainage. Total metals were monitored during the 1974 and 1975 field seasons and dissolved metals were monitored during the 1976 field season. Measureable surface runoff from the F. S. Waste Pile probably began around May 1, 1976, but heavy snow accumulations prevented access to station 17 during the early part of the spring runoff period. However, it is felt that total cobalt and copper metal production at station 17 did not exceed 500 and 1,500 pounds respectively. Estimates of metal production from the 7400 waste pile (station 106) may be off by as much as 50 percent, but the total metal contribution would still be no greater than from the F. S. Waste Pile. Metal production from the 7100 waste pile, on the other hand, continues throughout the year and the totals given in Table III-2 represent about one third of the year. Therefore, annual metal production from the 7100 waste pile (station 10) may be as high as 2,000, 2,500, and 6,000 pounds for cobalt, copper, and iron respectively. Data for station 17 shows that average daily copper production from the F. S. Waste Pile is almost double the copper production from either the 7100 or 7400 waste piles.

The high copper production reflects the fact that waste material in the vicinity

of station 17 is mostly low grade ore. This area of the F. S. Waste Pile has the potential to contribute large metal loads to Meadow Creek. Al1 that is needed is sufficient water to transport the oxidation products.

Production of acid and heavy metals from the 7100 waste pile is greater than from the F. S. and 7400 waste piles for two reasons: (1) sufficient water is available to transport oxidation products away from the reaction site as they are formed, and (2) water recharging the waste pile material is high in dissolved iron and low-pH in nature. The role of dissolved iron in pyrite oxidation has been discussed previously where it was shown that pyrite (ferric iron) and water combine to yield acid and ferrous iron. Conditions in the 7100 waste pile should favor this reaction. Reaction 1 (p. 17) may also occur in the waste pile, with melt water or rainfall infiltration carrying reaction products from the unsaturated material to the saturated zone.

One conspicuous difference in water quality between stations 10 (7100 waste pile) and 17 (F. S. Waste Pile) is the almost complete absence of iron observed at station 17. Here, highest total iron concentrations were 2.4 parts per million (ppm) and dissolved iron was below detection limits. Total iron at station 10 was 22.7 ppm for 14 samples while dissolved iron averaged 77.4 ppm for 20 samples.

It appears that the differences in iron concentrations may be controlled in part by pH differences at the two stations. Thirty-two pH observations at station 10 averaged 2.9, while pH averaged 3.9 for 13 observations at station 17.. Hem (1970, p. 119) notes that plots of Eh-pH conditions reveal two areas where iron solubility is very low. One of these areas occur in

conditions of moderate oxidation above a pH of 5, while the other occurs over

ay a wide pH range under strongly reducing conditions. Water recharging the waste pile should be nearly saturated with respect to oxygen and travel times through local flow systems in the waste material are not long enough to create reducing conditions. Values of pH measured at station 17 are below 5 but it is possible that pH values within the waste pile are nearer to 5, and that acidity released in the oxidation of pyrite lowers the pH of water after it leaves the reaction site. An additional source of acid entering the system would be that which is released during the formation of ferric hydroxide precipitate. For these reasons, it is believed that conditions of moderate oxidation at or near a pH of 5 exist in the F. S. Waste Pile, causing iron to precipitate in the waste material. Very little iron precipitate was observed in the drainage channel between the waste pile and station 17.

Water recharging the 7100 waste pile is low pH in nature. Nineteen

observations at station 10B (Meadow Creek above the 7100 waste pile) gave an average pH of 3.5. At this pH, iron produced by the oxidation Of waste pile material remains in solution and passes out of the waste pile. As noted previously, water discharging from the waste pile has an average pH of 2.9 compared with a pH of 3.5 for water entering the waste pile. The increase in concentrations is attributed to hydrogen ions released by the oxidation of pyrite and the hydrolysis of Fe? Reactions in the 7100 waste pile might conform to the situation postulated by Wentz (1974) where the Ferrobacil lus-Thiobacil lus group of organisms catalyze ferrous iron oxidation

and ferric iron oxidizes pyrite.

Mine Workings Trexler (1975, p. 1) lists six variables which contribute to the pro-

duction of acid water within underground mine workings. Four of these

variables (1) oxygen, (2) availablity of pyrite, (3) moisture in the mine atmosphere, and (4) availability of other heavy metals are generally not controllable in the mining process. Variables 5 and 6, availability of water to transport oxidation products, and mine characteristics, are functions of the natural hydrologic system and mining methods employed. The latter two variables are closely interrelated and may be controlled during the course of mining activities.

Natural ground-water flow systems were intercepted with the initiation of underground mining in the Blackbird area resulting in increased discharge from the flow systems. The increased discharge from the existing flow systems was compensated for by either (1) increased recharge, (2) decreased natural discharge, (3) a loss of water in storage in the system, or (4)

a combination of the above processes (Theis, 1973). Three different types of flow systems are thought to contribute water to mine workings.

The first of these is defined as a discharge-modified ground-water flow system. Pre-mining ground-water flow systems have been modified by the relocation of discharge areas. Saturated fault and fracture zones intersected by mining are avenues for water movement into the mine. Raises extended near or to ground surface ti Satire surface materials which become saturated during spring runoff periods. Water in this saturated material may discharge into the nearly vertical raises much as water discharges into a well. At the present time, there are about 10 miles of adits, drifts, and crosscuts in the mine and an additional 3 miles of raises, shafts, and winzes.

A second flow system is defined as a mining modified ground-water flow system. Here, the pre-mining flow system was modified by mining or exploration

by changes in recharge and/or discharge areas. An example of this type of

flow system would be ground water entering surface drill holes, exploration

trenches and pits, or mine related features, and discharging to mine workings.

Mining-created flow systems are defined as those where water enters directly into mine openings such as raises or open pits, flows through either sandfilled workings or open raises and drifts, and discharges from mine portals. This type of flow system may be either a ground-water or a surfacewater flow system at different points in its passage through the mine workings. These three mining-influenced flow systems will be referred to in the following discussion on point source discharge from mine workings.

In the Blackbird Creek drainage, point source discharge from mine workings occurs at the 7400 portal (station 15), the St. Joe portal (station 9), and the 6850 portal (station 7). Flow at the 6850 and 7400 portals accounted for about 95 percent of the total discharge from the three portals for 1976. An undetermined amount of water flowed from the 7200 portals during late summer,

1976, when a caved portion of the adit was removed and ponded water flowed out.

Evaluation of Water Movement for Levels 7300 through 6600 Flow at the 6850 portal includes drainage from the 7300 through 6850

levels, discharge from diamond drill holes, and artesian discharge from

the Pierce Winze. 'The total discharge from the 6850 portal was approximately 63 acre-feet for the 1976 water year. Since the mine is currently inactive, this drainage must come from intercepted ground-water flow systems and flow systems created by the mine workings.

Ground water which discharges to the mine workings comes from faults and fractures, diamond drill holes, and the Pierce Winze. Water from faults and fractures drains to the lowest point on that level and then to the next lower level through the many open raises and ore passes which connect the levels.

Barricades have collapsed on some levels allowing saturated sand fill to flow

into the main drift from stoped areas. This loss.of sand fill provides

additional flow paths for water as well as removing support from that portion of the mine.

In one area of the mine, flow on two levels moves toward a common discharge point within the mine workings. This occurs on the 7300 and 7200 levels in the vicinity of the Brown Bear Shaft (Plates IA and IB). The Brown Bear Shaft receives ground-water flow from these two levels and discharges the total flow to the 7100 level. This water then flows along the 7100 level to the 616 raise (616 R) where it discharges to the 6850 level. Levels in the vicinity of the 616 R (Plates IAand IB) also contribute ground-water discharge to this raise.

Discharge from the 616 R was monitored on the 6850 level during the 1976 field season (station 68616, Figure III-5). The base flow component of discharge was estimated by applying base flow separation techniques to the hydrograph of station 68616. A horizontal line was drawn from the point where the rising Tie gturtad to the point of intersection with the falling limb of the hydrograph. This base flow component represents ground-water contribution and was estimated to be 7 acre-feet for 1976. Several other raises contribute varying amounts of ground-water discharge to the 6850 level, but measurement of these sources was not possible. Considering these additional sources, the total amount of ground-water discharge from the 7300 through 7000 levels is probably 10 to 12 acre-feet per year. This volume of groundwater discharge cannot be reduced without major sealing of the underground workings.

Diamond drill holes contribute ground-water flow to the 6850 level drainage. Diamond drilling was conducted as drifting advanced in the mine

workings. This drilling encountered ore bodies in addition to the saturated

—— Discharge station 4 (Blackbird

Creek)

Mar. Apr. May June July Aug.

Station 7 (6850 portal) Station 15 (7400 portal) acu — Station 68616 ..., (616 raise) Station 6827

(Pierce Winze)

eee eee o-oo"

Mar. Apr. May June July Auq.

Discharge - gallons per minute x 103

Discharge - gallons per minute

Figure III-5. Discharge hydrographs for stations 4, 7, 15, 68616, and 6827 for 1976.

faults and fractures. Ore bodies in the Blackbird District are emplaced in faulted shear zones and commonly receive surface-water recharge. Drill holes intersecting these features provide a constant source of discharge to the underground workings. During the course of the field investigations, it was noted that twenty diamond drill holes contributed 16 acre-feet per year to the 6850 drainage as measured in 1976. This source of ground-water discharge could be eliminated by grouting or capping the flowing drill holes.

Artesian flow from flooded levels below the 6850 discharges at the Pierce Winze (station 6827). The hydrograph at station 6827 for 1976 is. shown in Figure III-5. This discharge contributes a volume of 10 acre-feet per year to the 6850 level. This source of ground-water discharge probably cannot be eliminated. Total discharge-modified and mining-modified ground-water discharge from levels above the 6850, diamond drill holes on the 6850 level and the Pierce Winze amounted to about 33 acre-feet for 1976.

Evidence of mining created flow systems in mine workings is presented in Figure III-5, which shows hydrographs for one surface and four underground discharge stations. The similarity of hydrographs for stations 4, 7, 68616, and 15 shows that recharge from snowmelt appears in the mine workings with very little lag time. The hydrograph for station 6827 is also presented in Figure III-5. This hydrograph appears to lag hydrographs at stations receiving surface recharge. Recharge to ground-water flow systems moves slowly through long flow paths. Discharge from such a flow system should therefore lag behind direct surface-water discharge.

Additional evidence of mining-created flow systems in underground workings is seen in Figure III-6 where water temperatures at four underground stations

are presented. Three stations with surface recharge show a drop in water

Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit

4)

oO: Ste tetned O ad oQ

cy

—— 68-6 16R On Qe ee ee Qe ee O

xanax 68-535R 6827 (Pierce Winze) Station 7(6850 portal)

Mar. Apr. May June July Aug.

Figure III-6. Variations of water temperature at stations on the 6850 level for 1976.

temperature as cold water from melting snow enters flow systems in the mine

workings. Water temperatures at station 6827 (Pierce Winze) indicate that this discharge comes from a system with a long retention time and warmer temperatures, such as a ground-water flow system.

Measurement of mining-created recharge to mine workings was limited to discharge measurements at station 68616 and discharge estimates at station 68535 (535 raise). The hydrograph at station 68616 is a combination of discharge-modified and mining-modified ground-water discharge and mining-created discharge. For simplicity, discharge-modified and mining-modified groundwater discharge will be referred to as ground-water discharge and miningcreated discharge will be referred to as surface-water discharge. The total discharge at station 68616 was.estimated to be 12 acre-feet for 1976. The ground-water component of discharge previously calculated was 7 acre-feet. By subtracting the ground-water component from the total discharge, a volume of 5 acre-feet was calculated as surface water which discharges at station 68616. This volume of water should be considered a minimum discharge value. Discharge at station 68535 was estimated by comparison with station 68616. A hydrograph constructed from these estimates gave a total volume of about 5 acre-feet. This discharge occurred between May 1 through July 30, 1976, and is believed to represent almost entirely surface-water recharge (mine-created flow systems) to mine workings. Temperature variations at this station (Figure III-6) show the effects of recharge from snowmelt water. Total surface water estimated at station 68616 and 68535 is. therefore 10 acre-feet.

The total measured volume of discharge to the 6850 level was about 43 acre-feet for 1976. This amounts to 70 percent of the total discharge at the

6850 portal (station 7, Table III-3). The remaining 30 percent or 20

Table III-3. Discharge of analysis of the 6850 level for 1976.

Parameter Station Subtotal Total Discharge-modified® All sources 43 43 and mining-modified ground water (from baseflow separation)

Ground water 68616 7 Ground water 6827 10 Ground water Diamond drill holes 16 Ground water Unmeasured 10 sources Mine-created" All sources 20 20 surface water (from baseflow separation) Surface water 68616 5d d Surface water 68535 5 Surface water Unmeasured 10 sources Total 7 (6850 discharge portal) 63

Discharge (acre-feet)

@ Pre-mining ground-water flow systems modified by the relocation of discharge areas

' Pre-mining flow systems modified by mining or exploration by changes in recharge and/or discharge areas

Bune , : : : , Discharge from mine portal which has entered the mine directly through openings such as raises or open pits

d Discharge volume which could be reduced or eliminated.

acre-feet of discharge is probably equally divided between surface- and ground-water discharge. From Table III-3, it is seen that during 1976 about 26 acre-feet of discharge may be reduced or eliminated. This was about 40 percent of the total discharge at the 6850 portal. Finally, from Table III-3, it is seen that about 30 percent of the total discharge at station 7 (6850 portal) is from direct surface-water recharge to the mine workings and 70 percent of the total discharge is from ground-water discharge to mine workings.

The accuracy of this discharge analysis depends on the amount of data available at the various stations. A good hydrograph is available for station 7 (6850 portal) during the 1976 field season and errors caused by extrapolating the hydrograph over the remainder of the year should be small. Therefore, the total discharge at station 7 is probably within 10 percent of the actual discharge. Data are less accurate for stations within the mine workings where only occasional discharge data were collected. However, wide fluctuations in discharge do not occur at these stations and extrapolations between data points should be fairly accurate. Discharge data for stations 68616 and 6827 are

probably within 25 percent of the actual discharge.

Evaluation of Water Movement for Levels 7400 and Above

Discharge at the 7400 portal (station 15) includes drainage from the 7400 through 7675 levels. Sources of this drainage include discharge-modified and mining-modified ground water as well as mining-created 'flow to mine workings. Total discharge from the 7400 portal was about 15 acre-feet for the 1976 water year. Field observations show that there is little direct flow down raises connecting the 7400 and 7300 levels. However, raises extending up from the 7300 and 7200 levels apparently receive mining-modified and dis-

charge-modified flow from fractures or faults above the 7300 foot elevation.

During high runoff periods, larger volumes of water could be expected to

discharge to these raises and subsequently to the 6850 level. Therefore, some hydrologic connection between areas above and below the 7400 and 7300 levels is probably present.

Base flow separation indicates that 9 acre-feet of the total 15 acrefeet discharged at station 15 (7400 portal) was from ground-water discharge from discharge-modified and mining-modified flow systems. Only one flowing diamond drill hole was noted on the 7400 level.

Evidence of mine-created recharge to levels 7400 and above can be seen from the hydrograph for station 15 (Figure III-5). The figure shows that recharge to the workings is direct. By subtracting baseflow from the total discharge, the volume of mine-created (surface-water) recharge to these workings was found to be 6 acre-feet or 40 percent of the total discharge. It is believed that very little of the water discharging at station 15 can be reduced

or elimiated.

Sources of Recharge to Mine Workings in the Blackbird Creek Drainage

It has been shown that a significant amount of the total discharge at station 7 and a lesser amount of the total Seeiane at station 15 is due to mine-created recharge to mine workings. Identification of possible recharge areas is needed before reduction or elimination of surface-water recharge can be accomplished. Mine-related surface features which allow surface water to directly recharge underground workings include raises intersecting ground surface, surface disturbed areas and open pits areas. Raises intersecting the ground surface are normally covered to prevent direct surface-

water recharge. However, some raises were inadequately sealed or not sealed

at all. Raises may connect only two levels or they may connect several

levels. An unrestricted flow path is created in the case where a raise extends from the ground surface to the 6850 level with little offset between levels. Four such flow paths were tentatively identified based on observed discharge from raises on the 6850 level. Discharge from the 518, 535, 616,

and 689 raises on the 6850 level show an increase with spring runoff. Plate I shows that these raises do extend from the 6850 level to the surface. Plate

I also shows that the 706 vent raise (706VR) extends from the 7100 level to the ground surface. This raise was not accessible on the 7100 level and therefore discharge was not monitored, but surface water can easily enter the raise. A circular opening about 20 feet in diameter marks the intersection of this raise with the ground surface. This opening lies near the botton of a small draw which carries runoff water during the spring months.

Surface water may also enter underground workings through mining-modified ground-water flow systems. Some 60 trenches and shallow pits were developed during exploration and mapping of geologic structures in the mining area. Many of these features are located on surface expressions of fault and fracture zones. Water collects in these trenches from precipitation and runoff and infiltrates the more permeable zones. Many of these zones lead directly to underground workings. It is estimated that recharge to underground workings from this source amounts to about 10 percent of the total discharge at station 7.

Surface water may also reach underground workings through mining created fracturing. Removal of ore from workings close to the ground surface causes stress on the overlying material. This stress can result in mine-related fractures. Surface water from spring snowmelt can enter these fractures and discharge to mine workings. This type of recharge to mine workings may total

10 percent of the total recharge at station 7.

An estimated 75,000 feet of surface diamond drilling has been completed

in the mining area. This type of drilling is aimed at reaching ore bodies, which are usually more permeable than the surrounding rock. This type of exploration increases recharge to the ground-water flow systems by providing more interconnections between the surface and subsurface. To investigate the potential interconnection, a 400:1 water-dye mixture (Rhodamine WT dye, 20% concentration) was injected in selected surface drill holes during the 1975 and 1976 field seasons. Seven diamond drill holes were chosen for this tracer experiment during the 1975 field season. These holes lie directly east of the 7100 portal between 7,650 and 7,675 feet elevation. The holes lie ona southwest-northeast line with the two farthest holes about 600 feet apart. Drill logs were only available for one of the seven drill holes, S-126. This hole was drilled to a depth of 625 feet. Figure III-7 shows that this drill hole penetrates several ore bodies and fault zones before terminating about 50 feet above the 7100 ined All drill holes had a diameter of about 3 inches. About 100 gallons of the water-dye mixture was added to each of the seven drill holes on August 8, 1975. All seven holes accepted the tracer solution readily. Discharge from underground workings nearest the drill holes was monitored for two weeks following the injection. Fluorometric analysis and visual inspections showed that none of the tracer solution appeared in mine discharge. It was felt that insufficient water was injected in the drill holes and that this volume of water was dissipated over the long distance between holes.

A second tracer experiment was conducted during the 1976 field season using drill holes S-126. In this attempt, the water-dye solution was injected

into the hole for a period of one hour on July 22. A total volume of about

7,7004 Elevation (feet)

S-143

7,600

7,500

Pronosed Idaho Pit 7,300

ome

co

7,100 Ee oO "4 a 2 Section 23 7000 Level QE N53°E looking NW 7,000 TA + : is YA Ore zone inferred a drilling — Drill hole showing fault gouge zone

ime 6,900 6850 Level es)

.¢) 50 100 Feet

6,800

Figure III-7. Cross section 23 showing drill hole 126 in relation to mine workings.

600 gallons was injected in this drill hole. Again, fluorometric analysis

and visual inspections of the mine discharge showed that none of the tracer discharged to mine workings during a two week monitoring period.

The results of these two tracer experiments provide some information on the role surface diamond drill holes play in mine recharge. First, it is doubtfull that sufficient water was used in either experiment to fully saturate the test areas to move the solution into mine workings. Second, the dip of the ore bodies in this area would tend to divert any recharge away from the 7100 level. Lower levels might receive the tracer solution but after longer time periods. Third, in both tracer attempts, the solution was injected during late summer months when ground-water flow systems normally saturated by spring runoff would be dry. Had the experiments been carried out during spring runoff, the tracer might have entered active flow systems and been directed toward underground discharge points. Fourth, the amount of surface recharge entering any of the drill holes may be quite small. All holes were plugged after drilling with wood plugs, and those holes inspected appeared to be well sealed against surface-water intrusion. In addition, some of the drill holes have undoubtedly sloughed in and are not open to their original depth. Ground water entering any open holes is still freely transmitted to flow systems deeper in the mountain.

Recharge from Meadow Creek to mine workings is another potential source of water in the mine. During the course of underground investigations, it was noted that faults, fractures and raises on the 7100 level northwest of the 7100 portals consistently discharged water to the level while similar structures east of the portal were essentially dry. Figure III-8 shows

the cross-sectional relationship between Meadow Creek and mine workings in

Elevation (feet)

station station

100 Feet

Horizontal Scale

6 ,800

Figure I1I1-8. Cross sectional relationship between Meadow Creek and mine workings in the vicinity of the 7100 and 7200 portals.

—~S ips)

the vicinity of the 7200 and 7100 portals. The workings on the 7100 level

northwest of the portal are below creek level. A similar situation exists on the 7200 level, where workings northwest of the 7200 portal are below creek level. Faults and fractures connecting mine workings and Meadow Creek provide an avenue for recharge. Vertical distances of up to 275 feet between the 7100 level and Meadow Creek at station 14 would provide ample head to drive ground water down along permeable zones. Northwest of the 7200 portal, raises extend upward and intersect the ground surface. These raises could easily dewater colluvium and fault zones saturated from snowmelt runoff. Rock units in this area dip 30° to 60° NE from Meadow Creek to the mine workings. Water movement along the dip slope of the beds is probably small due to low porosities and hydraulic conductivities of this material. The amount of water moving in this manner from Meadow Creek to mine workings is difficult to measure. One possible measurement method would be a gain-loss study of Meadow Creek along the reach where recharge to mine workings is suspected. However, discharge data in Appendix III-2 show that during the spring runoff period Meadow Creek is a gaining stream between stations 13 and 10A, and therefore any stream recharge to mine workings could not be detected by this technique. Water level data from piezometers near station 10B (to be presented later) show that this area Of the valley floor was a recharge zone. Therefore, the increased streamflow in Meadow Creek between stations 13 and 10A must have been from surface runoff and shallow ground-water flow from spring snowmelt. It is believed that recharge to mine workings from Meadow Creek represents less than 5 percent of the total discharge at station 7.

Water discharging to the 7200 level should normally flow out the 7200

portal but the portal was blocked by a small cave-in until mid-1976. Water

ponded up behind the cave-in until it reached a sufficient depth to flow down raises to the 7100 level. One such raise was the 572R, which connects

the 7200 and 7100 levels in the vicinity of the 7200 portals (Plate I).

This raise is partially filled with ore and water flowing down the raise leaches out metal ions. On May 28, 1975, underground investigations on the 7100 level showed that this raise was discharging about one gpm. Two weeks later, peak runoff was occuring and investigations on the 7100 level showed this raise was discharging about 20 gpm. Analysis of a sample of this discharge (station 7114, Appendix II-1) showed that the metal load was 8 pounds per day of cobalt, 11 pounds per day of copper, and 5 pounds per day of iron. During the latter part of the 1976 field season, the cave-in was removed from the 7200 portal and mine drainage flowed out the portal and into Meadow Creek. This maintenance work resulted in a reduction in cobalt, copper and iron loads

at station 7 by 15, 10 and 5 percent, respectively.

Water Quality in Mine Workings in the Blackbird Creek Drainage

Distinct water types within the mine workings can be recognized based on water quality differences. These water quality difference exist because of mineralogical and travel time differences for the various sources of recharge to the mine workings. Mine-created flow, water discharging from raises, ground water (water from, flooded levels below the 6850), and diamond drill hole water all have differing water-quality characteristics. Water discharging from diamond drill holes can be further subdivided based on whether or not the drill hole encountered an ore body. Table III-4 is a summary of water-quality data for various discharge sources in the underground workings. These data

represent averages of samples collected during the 1975 and 1976 field seasons.

Table III-4. Water quality data for different sources in mine workings in Blackbird Creek drainage for (Metal ion concentrations given in parts per million)

the 1975 and 1976 field seasons.

Water Source pH Es;

73707 (706 vent raise- 6.7 surface water)

6827 6.4 770 (Pierce Winzeground water)

Diamond Drill 4.5 Holes (Ore

bodies®)

Diamond Drill 5.0

holes (No ore bodies encountered)

5 Raises 2.6 2500 6835 (Drainage

from back part of

6850)

2 Ore body has been actively mined

-0.1 less than 0.1

Co

esl

Zaus Br

Cu

Fe

Mn

he

Mg

Ca

Number of

Na Samples ] 267 ]

Gl

Surface runoff water was sampled at one point in the mine, the 706

vent raise (706VR) on the 7300 level. The water at this sampling station had not yet come into contact with sulfide minerals; therefore the water quality was good. Water at this sampling location is assumed to come from a ground-water flow system in the shallow sediments in the gully where the 706VR intersects the ground surface.

Water flowing from flooded levels below the 6850 was sampled at station 6827. The source of this water is thought to be ground-water flow from faults and fractures. The high iron values indicate that this water comes into contact with sulfide mineralization; however, average pH of this water was 6.4. The flooded nature of this portion of the mine would limit acid production. Solubility relationships show that at these high pH values, most of the iron must exists as Fe(II) or Fe(0H)>.

Water quality data for five diamond drill holes which did not encounter ore are shown in Table III-4. The quality of this water is good, with very little cobalt, copper, and iron detected in the samples. Water discharging from these drill holes probably follows faults and. fractures.

Water discharging from diamond drill holes which penetrate ore bodies is lower in pH and higher in dissolved metals than water from diamond drill holes which do not penetrate ore bodies. Water percolating through the ore bodies promote pyrite oxidation and removes metal ions from the oxidation sites. In addition, active mining of the ore bodies exposes pyrite minerals to atmospheric conditions which enhances the oxidation process. Water from drill holes penetrating ore bodies which have been mined is higher in dissolved metals and has low pH. Five samples were taken from diamond drill holes where an ore body was encountered but had not been mined. The quality of this

water was intermediate between the previous two water types.

if A total of 37 water samples were collected from raises discharging water

to the 6850 level (Table III-4) during the 1976 field season. This water

has the lowest pH and highest metal concentrations of any of the water types identified in underground discharge points. This water type results from the most favorable conditions for production of acid water. Large amounts of orerich materials in raises, stopes, and drifts are exposed to atmospheric conditions and oxidation products are removed by water. Increased flow through mine workings during spring runoff flushes oxidation products from areas not normally in contact with water. Numerous pools of acid water also collect

in the mine during low flow periods. The influx of water during spring runoff can flush out these pools, adding additional poor quality water to the system.

One water sample was collected at sample station 6835 (Plate I) during the 1975 field season. Most active mining on the 6850 level has taken place in areas downstream of this sample station. All water upstream of this station comes from diamond drill holes or fractures, and water quality at this station reflects this fact. The sample had only small concentrations of metal ions, compared to downstream stations (sample station 6835, Appendix III-1).

The chemical processes of acid production are considered to be the same for both underground and surface situations. One variable which favors increased acid production in underground workings is greater exposure of sulfide minerals to atmospheric conditions. Stopes, drifts, cross-cuts, ore chutes, and raises all expose ore material to oxygen. The limiting factor on acid and heavy metal production from underground workings is the lack of water to carry away oxidation products; the Blackbird Mine is a relatively "dry" mine.

Variations in metal ion concentrations for underground workings are very

similar to variations observed at surface waste features. Figures III-9 and 10

Copper xamvm Cobalt

-- Tron

Discharge

aynutw vad suo,leb - abueyosip ALLep uray

oO

2" i Out eel ar -2E TVS eae ama we eye me So:

z -— —.

oS i=) con) So So Oo oO oO wo wo T+ o N

UOLLL LW vad squed - SUOL [PJaW PaALOssig

-—e ee

May June July Aug.

Apr.

Dissolved cobalt, copper, and iron concentrations at sta-

tion 7 (6850 portal) for 1976.

Figure III-9.

aynuiw vad suo,,e6 - abueyosiq

fo) oO Lo t+ ine)

Aug.

ie) Dm Ss o+ Ow "2 '- Oo ao ! : '

July

June

May

ike)

i) rei uoL| {iw £3d squed - stiot Leqaw panlossig

! ise] -e eer c fs vec oct oS VO ge om Se

7: Ss £°O o 2 an a) a) ost am aed °o OW ao m—- OW" Tem ™ aro oon CO [val cal vr un os a mD ons Yo a) Ar py

Figure III-10.

show metal ion and discharge variations for station 7 and 15 (6850 and

7400 portals) for 1976. Discharging raises on the 6850 level show similar metal ion variations with flow. As with surface waste features, runoff

water: entering mine workings flushes away accumulated oxidation products resulting in increased metal loads from underground discharge points during high runoff. Oxidation products begin to accumulate as soon as the spring runoff water recedes. This accumulation process continues until a surge of water again passes through the mine, transporting the acid salts away. Runoff from late summer thunderstorm activity may transport metals from the

mine during the low-flow period. This process is believed to have caused the peak in metal-ion concentration seen in mid-July on Figure III-9. Figure III-10 shows that a peak in metal-ion concentrations occurred at station 15 during mid-April of 1976. This peak resulted from the first introduction

of snowmelt into the mine workings during the 1976 runoff period. The discharge hydrograph for station 15 (Figure III-10) shows that only a very

small volume of water was necessary to bring about high metal ion concentrations during mid-April. Downstream variations of metal ions on the 6850 level are shown on Figures III-11 through III-14. These figures show that total metal jon concentrations increase with downstream position in the main ditch as each source contributes its share of acid and metal ions. The data also show that downstream of station 6824, dissolved metal ion concentrations decrease, indicating that dissolved metals begin to form precipitates but remain in Suspension and are transported out of the mine. The precipitation of dissolved metals may results from the addition of relatively good quality water from

diamond drill holes downstream of station 6824.

Total copper - parts per million

— 3-25-75

—— 4-19-75

? Indicates no datum , for that station

f mW

6841 6839

Figure III-11.

ae ?— — e

— os ;

oe o— es! / / f / / o / 6836 6835 6830 6824

Underground sampling station number 0) 500 1000 2000 Feet

Downstream variations in total copper for the 6850 level, 1975.

Dissolved cobalt - parts per million

ine) fan)

nn

—— 4-09-76 4-15-76

Reyes invien Bah T6

5-06 to

6841 6839 6836 6835 6830 6824 6810 7 Underground sampling station number

Sa 0 500 1000 2000 Feet Figure III-12. Downstream variations in dissolved cobalt for the 6850 level, 1976.

Dissolved copper - parts per million ip?) Ww uo an Cc wo So Oo Oo Oo fon] Oo Oo

oO

—— 4-09-76

5-06 to

6841 6839

Figure III-13.

6836 6835 6830 6824

Underground sampling station numbers

ee ee i) 500 1000 2000 Feet

Downstream variations in dissolved copper for the 6850 level for 1976.

€8

w co) Oo

Dissolved iron - parts per million

6841 6839 6836 6835 6830 6824 6810 7

Underground sampling stations ) 500 1000 2000 Feet

Figure III-14. Downstream variations in dissolved iron for the 6850 level for 1976.

Water discharging at stations 7 and 15 represents the majority of

all point source acid discharge from underground workings in the Black-

bird Creek drainage. Table III-5 gives metal loads at stations 7, 9,

and 15 for various periods from 1969 through 1976. Sample collection was

not conducted during winter months but projected water quality and quantity parameters show that approximately 3,000 pounds of copper and cobalt would have been produced at station 7 for 1976. The data show that station 9 contributes about 1 percent of the metal load from the three portals for

the period April 3 to August 3, 1976. The data for stations 7 and 15 are

not strictly comparable for the various years of record because of differences in analysis techniques, but variations in metal loads are evident for different years. The amount of water available to transport metals from the mine is

probably the major factor which determines total metal loads from year to year.

Ground-Water Quality at Selected Sites in the Blackbird Creek Drainage During the 1976 field season, five piezometers were installed in four drill holes in the Blackbird Creek drainage to investigate groundwater quality. Locations of the drill holes are shown in Figures II-1 and II-2, and construction details for the piezometers are shown in Plate II. Average values for pH, E. C., and metal ion concentrations are given in

Table III-6.

Drill Holes 3 and 4 Drill holes 3 and 4 monitored water quality along Meadow Creek. Drill hole 3 was located about 300 feet upstream of the 7100 portal. This

hole was completed to a depth of 32.4 feet where bed rock was encountered.

Tabl

e III-5.

Station

1S

a Metals are calculated as dissolved metal ions

(6850 portal)

(St.Joe portal)

(7400 portal)

Metal load production from underground workings in the (Metal load is total metals

Blackbird Creek drainage. except as indicated.)

Period

2/25 - 9/30/69

6/21 - 11/01/71 8/04 - 12/31/74 5/19

7/31/75 4/03 - 8/03/76" 1976 Water year® 4/03 - 8/03/76"

2/15 - 9/30/69

7/21 - 11/02/74 4/13 - 8/03/76°

1,000

Metal Load (lbs)

Cu

3,200

6,000

Fe

7,200

22,600

4,500 11,700 21,000

2,500

1,500

Table III-6. Ground-water quality in the Blackbird Creek drainage during the 1976 field season. (Concentrations are dissolved metal ions in parts per million, except as noted.)

Sample Number Station of Number pH ae Co Cu Fe Mn Mg Ca Na Samples DH4 5.6 430 Fal lee 10.7 a) 23.1 60.7 16.0 6

13 3.0 500 27.4 26.6 4.9 2.9 31.1 21.8 4.1] ] DH3S 3.9 940 50.5 64.0 5.4 50.0 35.7 3.1 1.2 7 DH3D 6.2 255 3.9 a 4.3 2.9 8.3 33.4 8.4 7 10B 3.7 720 re 39.9 Tal 2.0 33.0 20.3 4.3 11 DH2 4.0 1110 1.2 1.4 92.3 1.4 11.4 132.0 23.9 ? DH1 : 950 14.6 1.6 243.0 4.4 25.4 77.8 19.7 7 100° 4.7 760 6.7 ee 31.6 4.7 82.0 235.0 3 101° Jul 960 i.3 2.9 34.8 3.5 84.8 190.0 3

@ Concentrations are total metal ions in parts per million.

£8

Two piezometers were installed in the hole; the upper piezometer (3S) was

perforated from 9.2 to 13.2 feet below land surface, and the lower piezometer (3D) was perforated from 28.4 to 32.4 feet. A two foot bentonite seal was placed below piezometer 3S but above the perforations on 3D. Water level differences between the two piezometers indicate that the seal was working. Drill hole 4, located about 1,000 feet upstream of DH3, encountered bedrock at 14.7 feet. A piezometer was installed to 14.7 feet, backfilled with silica sand, and perforated along its entire length.

Water quality at drill holes 3S, 3D, and 4 exceeds background water quality of unaffected streams. Table III-6 shows that water quality varies with depth and downstream position in the Meadow Creek drainage. At drill hole 4, water quality in the valley fill material is fairly good. Several explanations may be forwarded for this water quality. Only small quantities of poor-quality water are believed to discharge from the 7400 waste pile. The intermixing of poor-quality stream water with good-quality ground water probably produces the water type observed at DH4. Recharge to the valley fill material from local ground-water flow systems in the adjacent valley slopes would be good quality water. Alternatively, if the 7400 waste pile does contribute significant amounts of poor quality ground water to the valley fill material, then intermixing of good-quality ground water from local flow systems and water from the 7400 waste pile could produce the observed water type. In this case, Meadow Creek might intermix only slightly with the ground-water system in the valley fill.

Water quality at drill holes 3S and 3D is a function of depth, with relatively good quality water occuring in the lower portion of the valley

fill, and poor quality water occuring in the upper material. The depth to

which the zone of poor quality water extends is not known, but it is at

least 13 feet. This zone may result in part from intermixing of stream and ground water. However, comparison of water quality at station 10B and DH3S (Table III-6) shows that ground water in the upper valley fill material is generally higher in dissolved metals than stream water. The leaching of metals from the saturated upper valley fill material is postulated to explain this difference in water quality. Examination of the Meadow Creek stream profile (Figure III-15) shows that atleast 10 feet of mine-related waste material has accumulated in the vicinity of DH3. The upper zone of poor quality water closely coincides with the mine waste material deposited over the pre-mining alluvium. Very little mine waste material covers the premining alluvium at station 13 and therefore leaching of heavy metals from this segment of the valley fill should be minimal. Comparison of water quality at station 13 and DH4 (Table III-6) shows that stream water has generally higher metal ion concentrations than ground water. This would be expected if the stream is the primary source of metal ions in the ground water. Drill hole 3D monitored water quality in pre-mining alluvial material. Intermixing of water in this material with the overlying poor-quality water produces ground water with small concentrations of metal ions.

Water levels in DH3 and 4 were monitored during the 1976 field season (Figure III-16). The data show a decreasing head potential with depth at DH3, and ground water is therefore moving downward in this area of the Meadow Creek valley. Figure III-15 shows the hypothetical ground-water flow system in the vicinity of the 7100 waste pile. The figure shows that the water table intersects land surface at the lower portion of the waste pile,

resulting in the spring discharge monitored at station 10. This discharge

Feet Above Sea Level

B 7125

199 Waste Pile

Portal

APPROXIMATE reunne 7S es

Land Surface

: a is

FEET ABOVE A een -

SEA LEVEL ie

Station 1O0A

TI75 7100 WASTE FEET ABOVE PILE bce SEA LEVEL 7TISO 7100 % x 6975 w oe o7 z/ 7125 7075 2 6950 Wf ww

/ 7100 7050

7075 7025 100 50 0 100 200 Feet

Figure III-15. Meadow Creek stream profile in the vicinity of the 7100 waste pile.

Depth to water - feet

DH4 - Drill hole 4 1 DH3S- Drill hole 3, shallow piezometer DH3D- Drill hole 3, deep piezometer

'oO

Dh3S

10 oY O - 2, O—O o—oDischarge- © DH3D station 10A

- June July August September

Figure III-16. Water level fluctuations for drill holes 13 and 14, Meadow Creek valley, 1976.

Meadow Creek discharge - gallons per minute

probably represents only a small portion of the total quantity of ground water moving through the mine waste and valley fill material. Additional ground water probably moves down gradient past section B. This groundwater underflow may discharge to Meadow Creek between station 10A and the mill complex. Water levels at DH3S and DH3D mirror each other very closely. Figure III-16 shows that one measurement at DH3D does not follow the general water level trend. This data point is believed to be a measurement error. Stream discharge at station 10A is also shown on Figure III-16;

the similarity between water level trends and stream discharge indicates that stream recharge is a major source of ground water in the valley fill

material.

Drill Holes 1 and 2

Drill holes 1 and 2 are located at the confluence of Blackbird Creek and the West Fork of Blackbird Creek (Figure II-2). Drill hole 2 (DH2) was placed in the West Fork tailing pile to monitor water quality and ground water levels in the tailings material. The hole was drilled to a depth of 72.4 feet where talus rock'was encountered. This talus material represents the pre-tailings land surface. A piezometer with 60 feet of perforations was installed to a depth of 72.4 fasts the drill hole was backfilled with silica sand, and a 0.5 foot bentonite seal was placed at the surface. Analysis of ground water samples shows that copper and cobalt concentrations are low while iron concentrations are high (Table III-6). The milling process returned iron minerals to the tailing material while removing most of the copper and cobalt minerals. High electrical conductivity values for the ground water samples reflect dissolved solids

released to ground water as a result of the milling process. The fine grind

1 PE eek

necessary for the flotation process increases the rate of dissolution of

any soluble minerals contained in the ore. Concentrations of all metal ions was higher than background water quality in unaffected streams.

Drill hole 1 is located at the base of the West Fork tailings pile and was completed to a depth of 16 feet. The material at this location is thought to be mostly natural stream materials. Ground water in this material is higher in dissolved cobalt and iron has lower pH values than ground water sampled in the tailings pile (DH2 in Table III-6). The source of these metal ions is assumed to be ground water discharges from the tailings pile. Increased cobalt and iron concentrations at DH] may reflect longer flow paths and increased contact with sulfide minerals. Williams (1968, p.7) cites several studies where total dissolved solids in ground water has increased with the length of the flow path. Two springs at the base of the West Fork tailings pile were sampled during 1975. Water quality at these springs, sample stations 100 and 101 (Figure II-2), is intermediate between DH] and 2. It is believed that this water represents intermixing or poor-quality ground water from the tailings pile and good-quality ground water from local flow systems of the valley slopes. The station directly below the West Fork tailings pile (station 101) had a pH value of 3.1. Station 100 was a spring discharging near the contact of tailings material and the natural valley slope (Figure 11-1). The pH of this water averaged 4.7 and probably reflecting mixing of good-and-poor-quality water.

Metal ion concentrations at the five piezometers in the Blackbird Creek drainage generally increased during the 1976 field season. The dissolved cobalt concentration was taken as a measure of water quality at each

piezometer (Figure III-17); concentrations of other metal ions show similar

Dissolved cobalt concentrations - parts per million

June

Figure III-17.

July August

Dissolved cobalt concentrations for five piezometers in the Blackbird Creek drainage for the 1976 field season.

variations. Increasing metal ion concentrations at DH's 1, 3S, 3D, and 4 during the summer of 1976 are probably caused by decreasing volumes of ground water moving through the respective areas as the low flow period progresses. Snowmelt supplies large volumes of recharge to the ground-water flow systems during the spring runoff period. Smaller volumes of water are available to flush away acid drainage products as ground-water recharge decreases during the low flow summer months, and therefore metal ion concentrations increase. It is believed that the relative differences in metal ion concentrations between drill holes may reflect the relative change in ground-water volumes moving past the station. Therefore, one would expect a smaller increase in metal ion concentrations at DH3D where the volume of ground water flow is fairly constant during the field season. On the other hand, DH3D monitors ground-water quality from.a zone where ground water movement may be extremely slow during periods of little or no recharge.

Water-level declines occurred throughout the 1976 field season at DH] (Figure III-18). These declining water levels indicate that recharge to ground-water flow systems at DH] decreases during the low flow period. Snowmelt runoff supplies some recharge to flow systems in the valley fill material at DH] and water level declines would be expected in the absence of continuing recharge during late summer months. Water levels at DH] may also be influenced by stage changes in the West Fork Blackbird Creek. No information relating stage at station 2 (West Fork Blackbird Creek) and water levels at DH] is available.

Recharge to the West Fork tailings pile is from melting snow which has accumulated on the tailing surface and runoff inflow from side slopes bordering the tailings pile. The melting snow infiltrates the tailing material

rapidly and little ponding is observed during the spring. Drill hole 2

Depth to water - feet

May Figure III-18.

June July August

Water level fluctuations for drill holes 1 and 2, Blackbird Creek, 1976.

(Figure III-18) monitored water levels in the tailings pile during the 1976

field season. Following completion of DH2 on May 27, 1976, water levels

in the piezometer dropped rapidly and stabalized at about 64 feet below the tailings surface. At about this same depth, a slime layer was encountered when installing the piezometer. It is believe that the initial water level declines represent the dispersion of a ground-water mound created by the drilling fluid during completion of the hole. The nearly constant water level during the remainder of the summer probably represents a water-slime mixture

at the base of the tailings pile.

Water quality in Meadow Creek and Blackbird Creek is dependent on several parameters including the availability of sulfide minerals, stream discharge, input from sources of point discharge, and location of the sampling station. The relationship between these parameters and water

quality is discussed in the following section.

Seasonal Variations of Metal Ions

Total cobalt, copper, and iron concentrations at stations 4 (Blackbird Creek), 6 (Blackbird Creek at mill gate) and 10A (Meadow Creek) for July, 1974, to October, 1975 are shown in Figures III-19, III-20 and III-21. Stream discharge is given for stations 4 and 10A (Figures III-19 and III-21). Variations in metal concentrations follow the same general pattern at each of the three stations. At station 4 (Figure III-19), concentrations increase at the beginning of the spring runoff event. As runoff continues, metal concentrations duchease and lowest values occur during the time of peak discharge. Metal ion concentrations at station 4 increased as discharges

decreased during the late summer months of 1975. Total metal ion

Total metals - parts per million

July

Figure III-19.

Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Total cobalt, copper, and iron concentrations December, 1974, and April to October, 1975.

Cobalt Copper

Discharge

Apr. May June July Aug. Sept.

at station 4 (Blackbird Creek) for July to

Discharge - cubic feet per second

fon) Oo

on

Total metal ion concentrations - parts per million

July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1974 1975

Figure III-20. Total cobalt, copper, and iron concentrations at station 6 (Blackbird Creek) for July to November 1974, and June to October 1975. Discharge data are not available.

Total metal ion concentrations - parts per million

June

Figure III-21.

Cobalt Conner

swoveeee TON —— Discharge

July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1974 1975.

Total cobalt, copper, and iron concentrations and discharge at station 10A (Meadow Creek) for June to November 1974, and May to October 1975.

oot

Discharge - gallons per minute x 100

concentrations for station 6 (Blackbird Creek at mill) during the period

July to October, 1975, are shown on Figure III-20. Discharge data are

not available at station 6 for this period but streamflow hydrographs at stations 4 and 6 should closely resemble each other; station 6 would have slightly less discharge as it is upstream of station 4. The data show

that in general metal ion concentrations increased during the initial part of the spring runoff event, decreased to the lowest concentrations during the latter part of the runoff event, and increased during the 1975 low flow period. Figures III-19 and III-20 show that a peak in metal ion concentrations occurred August 1, 1975. This sudden concentration increase was the result of a heavy thunderstorm which passed through the mining area

the same day samples were collected at the various stations. Surface runoff from the storm flushed oxidation products into the streams. These oxidation products had accummulated since the cessation of spring snowmelt, a period of about 6 weeks. Data for station 10A (Figure III-21) show the same general pattern during the 1974-75 period, with the exception of iron. One high

iron value (40:6 ppm on July 1, 1975) may possibly be an analytical error. The peak in metal ion concentrations noted at station 4 and 6 is also seen at station 10A on August 1. Figures III-22 and II1-23 show dissolved metal concentrations at stations 4 and 10A for 1976. The variations in dissolved metal ion concentrations are similar to total metal ion variations for the two stations during the 1974-75 field season. High concentrations of metals coincide with the initial spring runoff; concentrations decrease during the middle and late runoff period, and rise during the low flow summer months. Cobalt, copper and iron concentrations were plotted for station 10A for 1969 and stations 6 and 10A for 1971. These plots showed concentration variations

similar to those observed for the 1974 through 1976 field season.

puodas vad 48a, ILqnd - abueyodsip ALLep ueay

Discharge

co o oO

!

!

'

Copper Iron

and iron concentrations at station 4

Dissolved cobalt, copper, (Blackbird Creek) for 1976.

Figure III-22.

oO foe) wo s N Oo onl

UOLLL LW uad SJURGd - SUOL}e4ZUBDUOD UOL eZAaWI PaALOSSiG

Dissolved metal ion concentrations - parts per million

[ee]

oO

fon)

or j=)

i=)

.e) oO

nN Oo

a

oO

—— Discharge

March

Figure III-23.

© bs ty st oa 'I

H

ro)

A

April May June July August

Dissolved cobalt, copper, and iron concentrations and discharge at station 10A (Meadow Creek) for March to August 1976.

Discharge - gallons per minute x 100

: 104 Downstream Variations of Metal Ions

Graphs of metal ion concentrations as a function of downstream position are useful in identifying areas of acid production in the Blackbird Creek drainage. One possible method would be to plot metal ion concentrations vs downstream position for each sampling date but this procedure would require numerous plots. However, from Figures III-19 through III-23, it was seen that similar metal ion concentrations occur at certain times throughout the year, and that these concentrations are also related to stream discharge. A single value representing metal ion concentrations during a particular time period can be obtained by averaging values of all samples collected during that time period. Examination of Figure III-19 (total metal ion. concentrations for 1974-75) shows that three such time periods may be recognized, each associated with different metal ion concentrations. These periods are:

i) a period characterized by intermediate concentrations of metal ions which occurs during low-flow summer months and extends to the beginning of spring runoff, ii) a period characterized by high metal ion concentrations which coincides with the start of spring runoff when flow is increasing, and

iii) a peiciod characterized by low metal jon concentrations which roughly coincides withthe high flow and the falling limb of the spring runoff hydrograph. Figure III-22 shows that these same three general divisions exist for dissolved metal ions as well.

Figures III-24 through 111-29 show concentration variations as a function of downstream positions for two stations on Blackbird Creek and six stations on Meadow Creek. Sample stations are plotted in downstream order with station 16 at the headwaters of Meadow Creek and station 4 the lowermost monitoring

station on Blackbird Creek. Point discharge sources of acid drainage

Total cobalt concentrations - parts ver million

Figure III-24.

—— 7-21-74 to a 5-19 to 6-05-75

veeseee 8-01 to 10-04-75

14 13 11 10B 10A GQ 35m, —a4

Stream sampling station number

[s) 500 1000 2000 feet

Total cobalt concnetrations in the Blackbird Creek drainage, July 1974 to October 1975.

Sol

7-21-74 6

5-19 to 6-09-75

meow, TE-75

w

Total copper concentration - parts per million Mm

16 14 13 11 10B 10A . 6 35mi; ——A Stream sampling station number

0 500 1000 2000 Feet

Figure III-25. Total copper conceatrations in the Blackbird Creek drainage for July 1974 to October, 1975.

roy

Total iron concentrations - parts ver million

i=)

w i=)

nm

oO

Figure III-26.

—— 7-21-74 to

5-19 to 6-09-75 7-01-75 8-01 to 10-04-75

? Indicates no data for that station

14 13 11 10B 10A 6 Stream sampling station number

i?) 500 1000 booo feet

Total iron concentrations in the Blackbird Creek drainage for July 1974 to October 1975.

ry i=)

Dissolved cobalt - parts ner million

Figure III-27.

—— 3-18 to 4-03-76 4-06 to 5-14-76

5-19 to 7-12-76 - 7-15 to 8-03-76

Indicates no data for that station

14 13 11 108 10A 6 asm —d , Stream sampling station number

(9) 500 1000 2000 Feet

Dissolved cobalt concentrations in the Blackbird Creek drainage for 1976.

80 3-18 to 4-03-76 Seine 4-06 to 5-14-76

o 5-19 to 7-12-76 sinsnne Jul to 8-03-76 2 Indicates no data : for that station

Oo Oo

ine) oO

Dissolved copper - parts per million

16 14 13 11 10B 10A 6 s6n, —e

Stream sampling station number

0 500 1000 2000 Feet

Figure III-28. Dissolved copper concentrations in the Blackbird Creek drainage for March to August, 1976.

60T

f=] So °o

— oO

Dissolved iron concentration - parts per million

3-18 to 4-03-76 4-06 to 5-14-76 5-19 to 7-12-76

sommnme J=15 to 8-03-76

? - Indicates no data for that station

Stream sampling station number ee ) 500 1000 2000 Feet

Figure III-29. Dissolved iron concentrations in the Blackbird Creek drainage for March to August 1976.

Oit

Bik tributary to Meadow Creek (such as station 10 and 15) are not shown in

these graphs. The data for 1974-75 and 1976 were grouped into periods based on variations observed at station 4.

Several conclusions concerning total metal ion concentrations can be noted from Figures III-24 through III-29. In all cases, the highest metal ion concentrations were noted in a 2,700-foot reach of Meadow Creek from station 14 downstream to station 10A. Within this reach, concentration variations occur with downstream position. At the onset of spring runoff (5-19 to 6-05-75), total cobalt and copper concentrations increase from stations 14 to 10A while total iron concentrations reach highest values at station 11 and decrease from this point downstream.

During the latter part of the spring runoff period (7-01-75) copper and cobalt concentrations are less than peak runoff concentrations at all stations and are similar to concentrations observed during the low flow months of 1974 (Figures III-24 and III-25). In addition to the decrease in concentration, variations of cobalt and copper between stations takes a different pattern during the latter part of spring runoff. This pattern is similar to that which occurs during the low flow months of 1974. Iron concentrations show wide variations during the latter part of the spring runoff period of 1975 as well as during other periods of 1974 and 1975. The reasons for these variations were discussed in Chapter II.

Downstream variations for dissolved metals (Figures III-27 through III-29) are similar to downstream variations for total metal ion concentrations. Highest dissolved cobalt, copper, and iron concentrations are found in the same 2,700-foot reach of Meadow Creek. Within this reach of the stream, downstream variations for dissolved metals are similar to downstream variations for total metals. Variations between periods for dis-

solved metals indicate that only copper has highest concentrations during

the initial part of the spring runoff (Figure III-28). Highest dissolved

cobalt and iron concentrations occur during the low flow period of 1976. This is in contrast to data presented in Figures III-19 through III-23 where it was seen that all metal ion concentrations were highest at the beginning of spring runoff. Samples were collected at stations 6 through 16 only once during the 1976 low flow period, on August 3, 1976. The best explanation for high dissolved cobalt and iron concentrations on August 3, 1976 is that runoff from a thunderstrom flushed oxidation products into the streams. Daily precipitation records show that .22 and .05 inches of rain fell at the Cobalt weather station on August 1 and 2 respectively. It is believed that samples collected on August 3rd reflect metal ion transportation by runoff from this storm.

Sample collection during the periods March 18 to April 3 and July 15 to August 3, 1976, corresponds to time of low stream discharge. Examination of Figures III-27 through III-29 shows that concentrations for the late summer low flow period are higher than for the spring low flow period. This is probably due to thunderstorm activity during the late summer months.

Figures III-24 through III-29 show that below station 10A both total and dissolved concentrations of cobalt, copper, and iron decrease to relatively low values. Concentrations are below 10 parts per million (ppm) at stations 6 and 4 for most sampling dates.

The figures also show the influence of the various point sources of poor quality water in the Blackbird Creek drainage. The slight rise in metal ion concentrations between station 14 and 16 is due to a small inflow of poor quality water from the F. S. Waste Pile. Water entering Meadow Creek

from the 7400 portal causes a sharp rise in metal ion concentrations between

stations 14 and 13. Concentrations of both total and dissolved metal ions

decrease between stations 13 and 11. Good quality water from Spring Creek discharges to Meadow Creek and dilutes the poor quality stream water. Iron precipitates on the stream bottom indicate that some of the metals are also precipitated as insoluble hydroxides. Metal concentrations continue to decrease between station 11 and 10B; but at station 10A concentrations rise sharply due to discharge of acid water in the area of 7100 waste pile.

Acid water from Meadow Creek and the 6850 portal is diluted by Blackbird

Creek water to produce the water type observed at station 6. Between stations 6 and 4 inflow of good quality ground water and surface water increases the

stream discharge and dilutes metal concentrations.

Metal Load Variations with Downstream Position

Metal loads were calculated for sampling stations along Blackbird and Meadow Creeks and the results were plotted as a function of downstream position. Dilution effects caused by mixing of different water types and volumes can be detected in this manner. In addition, comparison of total input and Output values can help to locate areas of metal production not previously identified.

Figures III-30 through III-32 show dissolved cobalt, copper, and iron metal loads for 1976. The important fact to note from the figures is that for most cases metal loads increase downstream of station 10A even though large volumes of good quality water enters the stream from upper Blackbird Creek. Plots of the same data for 1971, 1974, and 1975 show that metal

loads are higher at station 6 than at station 10A, while 1974 and 1975

i]

? - Indicates no data for that station

per day

Dissolved cobalt pounds So je Oo oO

— i=]

ead cai ee.

seme Apa QO

—

1 14 13 11 10B 10A b—asmi. —d Stream sampling station number

te) $00 1000 2000 Feet

Figure III-30. Downstream variations in dissolved cobalt metal loads along Blackbird Creek for 1976.

vIT

wee

8-03-76 ?

So

- Indicates no data for that station

w Oo

ine) Oo

Dissolved copper - pounds per day

16 14 13 11 108 10A 6

Stream sampling station number

Stl

ee ee! eee 0 500 1000 2000 Feet

Figure III-31. Downstream variations in dissolved copper metal loads along Blackbird Creek for 1976.

w

o

ine) So Oo

Dissolved iron - pounds per day

5-19-76 woowss 5-23-76

wee 6-29-76

7-28-76

? - Indicates no data for that station

Stream sampling station number Se ee

0 500 1000 2000 Feet

Figure III-32. Downstream variations in dissolved ircn metal loads along Blackbird Creek for 1976.

9It

data show that metal loads increase between stations 10A and 4. Metal

load contributions in discharge from station 7 (6850 portals) have not been added to metal loads in Meadow Creek in these plots.

The sum of metal loads at stations 7 (6850 portal) and 10A represents total input from known sources of metal production to Blackbird Creek. Figure III-33 shows cobalt, copper and iron metal load balances along Blackbird Creek for 1976. Point M on these figures represents the sum of metal loads in Blackbird Creek from station 7 and 10A. Metal loads calculated from samples at station 6 (Blackbird Creek) should agree with metal loads at point M, but Figure III-33 shows this is not the case. Samples taken May 19 and July 28, 1976, indicate that metal loads are greater at Station 6 than at point M. Difference in metal load balances between the two stations are probably due to undetected sources of metal ions and analytical errors.

Between stations 4 and 6, cobalt and copper loads appear to vary with stream discharge while iron loads decrease downstream regardless of discharge. Iron precipitates out as an insoluble hydroxide downstream of station 6 due to pH increase along Blackbird Creek. While pH increases appear to cause some precipitation of cobalt and copper during low flow periods (Figure III-33), increased metal loads during high flow periods are probably due to scouring and reworking of precipitates deposited in Blackbird Creek between station 6 and 4. Although metal ion concentrations are reported as dissolved, the filter size used in the filtration procedure probably permitted the passage of some suspended particles, such as iron precipitates. All] tailings were discharged directly to Blackbird Creek before construction of the West Fork tailings pile. While the tailings pile was in use, frequent

breaks in the distribution system allowed tailings to flow into Blackbird Creek.

8 x é Aep aad spunod - peo, LeJeW UOUL paAlossig 8

S

°o

i]

"

o

8-03-76

meee: F409 76 asenx 6-29-76

oO S

oO oO oO Kep"uad spunod "speo, jeqaufy,eqoo paalossig

Dissolved cobalt, copper, and iron metal loads along Blackbird Creek for 1976.

Figure III-33.

Low pH conditions along the creek can leach cobalt and copper from the

accumulation of tailings. Scouring of iron precipitates from the streambed undoubtedly occurs during high flow periods, but decreased iron loads at station 4 indicate that the precipitates do not stay in suspension for long distances.

Metal production from tailings material between stations 4 and 6 may have been accelerated by a stream channel restoration program begun in the fall in 1975. This program was designed to remove tailings and other mining debris from the stream channel by dredging. However, material dredged from the stream channel was piled on the stream bank making it susceptible to leaching and erosion by surface runoff. The dredging program also removed tailings material from what was probably a reducing environment and exposed the material to oxidizing conditions.

Another source of metal contribution to Blackbird Creek may come from the mill area. Ore can be readily found in crusher bins, waste piles, the mil] complex, and the mill yard. During high runoff, water from snowmelt flows through most of these areas and can carry oxidation products to Blackbird Creek. Monitoring of possible acid and metal contributions from this source was not attempted due to short flow durations and lack of identifiable discharge

points.

Mass Balance Comparisons

Mass balances of cobalt, copper, and iron were computed for the period May 1 through July 31, 1976, for Meadow and Blackbird Creeks. The balances are used to compare total input and output of metal loads during the period and to determine if all sources of metal production have been accounted for.

The three month period considered in the computations covers the period of

high metal load production. Mass balance comparisons were done by computing

the total metal load input to a stream from all known sources of poor

quality water and comparing this with the total metal load output at the lowermost sampling station on that stream. As an example, known sources of metal load input to Meadow Creek include discharge from the St. Joe portal. This total metal load input, computed over a certain time period, was compared with the metal load output at station 10A (Meadow Creek) for the same time period. These mass balance comparisons are only as accurate as the data

used in the computations. Discharge data obtained from the stream gaging stations are within five percent of the actual discharge values, and metal ion concentrations are within five percent of the actual metal ion concentrations. An error of 10 percent is therefore possible when using these data

to compute mass balances. Small differences in metal loads between inflow and outflow points could not be detected because of these errors. The mass balance comparisons are never-the-less useful in pointing out large metal

load imbalances along various reaches of streams in the mining area.

Meadow Creek Table III-7 shows mass balance comparisons of metal loads for the

Meadow Creek drainage during the three month period. The balances show that metal load output at station 10A is about double the calculated input from point sources of' acid discharge. Additional metal load input to Meadow Creek occurred from the following non-point discharge sources, listed in order of decreasing importance. (1) ground-water flow from the F. S. Waste Pile past station 17, (2) metals leached from tailings and lowgrade ore between stations

14 and 10A, and (3) ground-water flow from the 7400 waste pile.

Table III-7. Mass balance comparisons for Meadow Creek for the period 5-01 to 7-31, 1976.

Input

F. S. Waste Pile (Station 17?)

7400 Portal (Station 15)

7100 Waste Pile (Station 10)

St. Joe Portal (Station 9)

Total

Output

Meadow Creek (Station 10A)

@ 5-19 to 6-21-76.

b Iron concentrations were below detection limits, therefore no iron metal load was reported.

Co

Metal Load (tons)

Cu

Fe

Discharge (Acre-feet)

No surface discharge at station 17 after 6-21-76.

. Discharge at these stations is from recharge from Meadow Creek.

Blackbird Creek

Metal load input and output for Blackbird Creek are given in Table III-8. Cobalt and copper output is about 10 percent higher than input from stations 7 and 10A. The sources of this additional metal load were discussed previously. A five percent decrease in iron load is noted at station 4; this decrease is probably not significant due to measurement errors discussed previously. Eighty percent of the total iron load contributed to Blackbird Creek comes from the 6850 portal (station 7), while 87 percent of the total copper load contributed to Blackbird Creek comes from the Meadow Creek drainage. Total metal loads and discharges at station 4 for the 1976

water year are also given in Table III-8.

Summary

Metal production in the Meadow Creek drainage is from the F. S., 7400 and 7100 waste piles, and from the 7400 and 7200 portals and from tailings and lowgrade ore in the Meadow Creek stream channel. Only about one half of the total metal load production can be accounted for by considering point source discharge features; the remaining metal load is from non-point discharge sources including the F. S. Waste Pile, tailings and low-grade ore in the Meadow Creek stream channel and ground-water flow from the 7400 waste pile. Discharge from the F. S. Waste Pile has very low iron concentrations, in contrast to all other acid discharge sources in the Meadow Creek drainage. Low iron concentrations could result from: (1) low iron bacteria populations which are necessary to catalyze the initial ferrous iron oxidation process, or (2) waste rock and ore from the Blacktail Pit having a very low sulfide mineral composition. The latter alternative is probably incorrect since ore from the Blacktail Pit has sulfide mineral composition similar to other

ore zones.

Table III-8. Mass balance comparisons for Blackbird Creek for the period 5-01 to 7-31, 1976.

Input

Station 10A (Meadow Creek)

Station 7 (6850 portal)

Total

Output

Station 4 (Blackbird Creek)

Output

Station 4 (Blackbird Creek)

Metal load (tons)

ee

Co Cu Fe

2.3 6.7 2.2 0.8 io 9.5 Syl Fuk tke 3.5 8.4 11.2

For the 1976 water year:

7.5 13.4 15.2

Discharge (Acre-feet)

3,270

5,800

Cobalt and copper metal loads at station 4 (Blackbird Creek) are greater than can be accounted for by considering sources of metal input. Additional metal may be leached from tailings in the stream channel, ore and tailings

in the mill area, and an ungaged section of lower Meadow Creek.

Chapter Iv

Analysis Of Data And Discussion Of Results Bucktail Creek Drainage

Introduction

Bucktail Creek flows north out of the mining area, draining an area of about 1,100 acres (1.7 mi.) before entering the South Fork of Big Deer Creek. Mining sakindties have been confined to the headwaters of the drainage basin; stream gaging stations were maintained only on the upper reaches of the stream. Stream gaging on Bucktail Creek was initiated in 1969 by the Idaho Mining Compery: University of Idaho personnel monitored stream discharge from 1974 to 1976.

Stations 19, 20, 22 and BIA monitor input of acid discharge to upper Bucktail Creek while station 23 reflects total water quality and quantity output from the 325 acre (0.51 mi.2) drainage area above this site. Stations 21 and Bl through B7 are intermediate stations. established to monitor water quality and quantity variations between stations 19 and 23. Surface runoff and ground water entering Bucktail Creek below station 23 is generally unaffected by mining and is assumed to be good quality. Table IV-1 lists gaging stations in the upper Bucktail Creek drainage with periods for which data are available. Figures IV-1 and IV-2 show locations of sampling stations in the Bucktail Creek drainage. Discharge measurements were made at approximately weekly intervals for stations listed in Table IV-1; no continuous stage recorders were maintained at Bucktail Creek sampling stations. Dis-

charge was not monitored for sampling stations downstream of station 23.

Table IV-1.

Station

Bl BIA B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7

available.

Description

Headwaters

7265 portal

below 7265 waste pile 7117 portal

below 7117 portal above seep zone 1 below seep zone 1 below seep zone 2 below seep zone 3 above West Fork West Fork

below West Fork

at culvert

2-24 to 10-01

4-07 to 10-01

4-25 to 10-01

Period of Record

7-21 to 11-02 7-21 to 11-02 7-21 to 8-25

7-21 to 11-02

7-21 to 11-02

to 8-08 to 8-08 to 8-14 to 8-14 to 8-14 only

to 8-14 to 8-14 to 8-14 to 8-14 only

to 8-14 to 8-14

Discharge stations in Bucktail Creek drainage with periods for which discharge data are

to 8-03

to 8-03 to 8-03 to 8-03 to 8-03 to 8-03 to 8-03 to 8-03 to 8-03 to 8-03

92T

Legend o Sample Site o Orill Hole A, Portal

) 1000 2000 Feet

Bucktail Cree

Blacktail Pit

Figure IV-1. Location of sampling stations on Bucktail Creek. Stations Bl through B7 are shown on Figure IV-2.

Ss 7117 Portal

— B7 ss i.

Legend

8 Seep zone

e Sampling station Gl=25

aut —

a 0 50 100 200 300 400 500 feet

Figure IV-2. Location of sampling stations Bl through B7, Bucktail Creek.

Sources of Acid Contribution in the Bucktail Creek Drainage

Contributions of acid mine drainage to Bucktail Creek can be grouped into discharge from surface water features such as the 7117 and the Blacktail Pit waste piles, and discharge from mine workings such as the 7265 and 7117 portals. Water quality and quantity changes observed at the various stations helped to identify sources and amounts of acid contributed to Bucktail Creek. In addition, two piezometers were installed in waste piles in the Bucktail Creek drainage to provide information on water quality and ground-water levels

within the waste piles. ° .. Surface Waste Features

Blacktail Pit Waste Piles

The Blacktail Pit waste piles consist of a series of benches of waste rock and low grade ore piled at the head of the Bucktail Creek valley. The total volume of this waste — is approximately one million cubic yards. The waste material directly north of the Blacktail Pit bury the upper section of the stream channel for a distance' of about 500 feet. for 'ihe partoen of the following discussion, this segment of the waste pile will be referred to as the Blacktail Pit waste pile. Ground-water discharge from the base of this waste material forms the headwaters to Bucktail Creek. Thick strands of vegetation. seen in pre-mining air photos Suggest that this was a ground-water discharge area prior to placement of the waste material.

Present discharge from the headwaters of the creek is monitored at station 19 (Figure IV-1). Discharge at this station ranges from about 100 gpm

during spring runoff to no discharge during late winter months when freezing

conditions occur. Table IV-2 shows average discharge and water-quality parameters at station 19 during the 1974 low flow period. These averages were computed from seven discharge and water-quality observations made during the period July 21 to November 2, 1974. Ground water discharging from the base of the Blacktail Pit waste pile is the source of streamflow during the low flow period. This ground-water discharge represents the gradual release of water stored in the waste pile material from spring snowmelt.

Water quality at station 19 is characterized by high cobalt and copper concentrations, low iron concentrations, and moderately low pH values (Table IV-2). The pale-blue color of samples collected at station 19 reflects the high copper ion concentrations in the water. The moderately low pH conditions (average pH 3.9) apparently restrict iron concentrations. Figures

IV-3 and IV-4 show the distribution of the Feté

and Fet3 as a function of pH. Figure IV-4 shows that above a pH of 3.0, Fe'? exists as the insoluble hydroxide Fe(OH)3. Therefore, acid mine water with a pH of 3.0 or higher

+3

should contain little or no Fe'~ ions in solution. Figure IV-3 shows that

Fet? jons will remain in solution up to a pH of 8.0. However, it is believed

that Fe'* ions are rapidly oxidized to the FetS state where precipitation as

iron hydroxide (Fe(OH) 3) takes place. Thus it is believed that low iron concentrations at station 19 are due to moderate pH values which cause Fet3 ions to precipitate out of solution. Cobalt and copper are easily brought into solution, as shown by two samples collected during the 1975 spring runoff period (Table IV-3). Sample 109 was collected from a rill flowing about 20 gpm 50 feet downslope from a melting snowbank; sample 110 was taken

from the same rill about 150 feet downslope from the snowbank. The increase

in cobalt and copper concentrations over a distance of only 100 feet shows

uJ Ww 60 - ao ae & o 40 (e) ao

(e) oO

Figure IV-3. Distribution of re" and Fe(OH). as a function of nH.

IN394N3d 'NOILISOdWOD

14,

i f pH.

10n oO

as a funct

and Fe(OH) 4

+3

bution of Fe

Distri

Figure IV-

Table IV-2. Water quality. and quantity at selected stations on Bucktail Creek for the 1974 low flow period. Averages are calculated from seven observations.

Average Average Total Metal Ion Concentrations

Discharge m) Station Period 7 (gpm) Co oa Fe pH 19 7-21 to 11-02 Cr 212 ; 1680 0.3 3.9 20 (7265 Portal) 7-21 to 11-02 4.] Tas 1 94.6 59.9 2.9 a : 7-21 to 8-25 . v3 136 1030 ia 3.7 22 (7117 Portat) —*7-21 + to 11-02 3.9 ed 13.5 5.7 52

23 : 7-21 to 11-02 © 29.7 65 400 63 3.6

Eet

how effective the leaching process can be. This melt water was observed infiltrating the waste pile a short distance downslope. Continued leaching probably occurs as this water moves down through the waste material.

Table IV-3. Water quality of surface runoff in Blacktail Pit

waste pile during spring, 1975. (Metals are total ions, in parts per million.)

Sample No. pH Bebe Co Cu Fe Mn Mg Ca 109 4.9 100 128 4.9 1.5 0.8 9.6 Tal 110 4.6 190 5.0 20.6 1.8 0.8 8.2 10.0

The ore material in the Blacktail Zone in and around the Blacktail Pit is an additional source of sulfide minerals available for leaching.

The Blacktail Zone is a highly fractured zone where ore minerals have been emplaced. The Blacktail Pit and associated underground workings have been developed in the Blacktail Zone and large blocks of ore remain in this zone. The pit has a drainage area of 25 acres; this area includes the pit itself and surrounding area which drains towards the pit. Snow accumulation in the pit area is reduced by high wind velocities on the ridge separating the Bucktail and Meadow Creek drainages. Snowdrifts tend to accumulate on the Meadow Creek side of the drainage divide.

Water which does enter the Blacktail Pit is funneled down partially blocked raises in the bottom of the pit to the 7,265 level. Personnel of the Idaho Mining Company indicated that surface runoff ponded in the pit for the first two or three years after mining operations stopped. Ponding ceased when sand filled workings beneath the pit collapsed; surface runoff can now discharge directly to the subsurface workings. Field observations

made on the 7400 level during the 1975 field season showed that a water-1ime

mixture injected into the pit flowed down to the 7400 level and from there down the 896 R to 7265 level (Figure IV-5). Therefore, any metal ions leached from ores immediately around the Blacktail Pit would most likely enter Bucktail Creek from the 7265 portal, downstream of station 19.

Water quality at station 19 shows certain similarities to water samples collected at station 17 (F. S. Waste Pile, Blackbird Creek drainage) during the same five month period for 1974 (Table IV-4). Values of pH at the two stations were identical and iron concentrations were very similar. Both the F. S. and Blacktail Pit waste piles occupy similar topographic positions in the two drainage basins. Each waste pile is located at the headwaters of the respective drainage basin and only good quality water from snowmelt or precipitation is available to recharge the waste piles. Waste piles further downstream in the two drainages are recharged by water with high metal ion concentrations and low pH values. Waste rock and low grade ore in both the F. S. and Blacktail Pit waste piles are from the same source, the Blacktail Pit. One would expect water of similar chemical characteristics to originate from both waste piles, given the above similarities of location in the drainage, good-quality recharge water, and source area of waste material. One would alsoexpect that waste piles resulting from future mining operations would yield water with a similar chemical quality if these waste piles were deposited under topographic, water quality, and source area conditions similar to those at the F. S. and Blacktail Pit waste piles. Prediction of water quality originating from future surface mine waste disposal sites is important in

designing a water collection and treatment system.

Elevation Feet Above HAUL ROAD Sea Level

Drill Hole 5 / Blacktail Pi Blacktail Pit

Headwaters Blacktail Creek

Station 19 Drill

ope 6 7300

7265 Level 7265 Waste Pile

7117 Waste Pile

Station 21

'Approximate premining

ties oe EXPLANATION SPRING AREA SS 2 7000 STATION BIA a Y Direction of Horizontal Scale Water Movement ie} 100 200 300 400 SS

6850 Level

Feet 6900

Figure IV-5. Valley profile and approximate location of mine workings in the Bucktail Creek drainage.

9E1

Table IV-4. Comparison of water quality between stations 17 and 19 for 1974. Total metal ion concentrations give in parts per million.

Station Period pH EG. Co Cu Fe Mn 17 7-21 to 11-02 3.9 2490 60.0 29] 6.2 V1 19 7-21 to 11-02 3.9 4900 Zig 680 O.3 35:2

7265 Waste Pile Waste rock produced from mining on the 7265 level was dumped ina

long bench below the portal to form a waste pile with a volume of about 50,000 cubic yards. The 7265 waste pile has filled in the channel of Bucktail Creek for a distance of about 150 feet. Bucktail Creek now flows across the top and down the face of this waste material (Figure IV-1). An abrupt flattening in stream gradient occurs as Bucktail Creek flows across the waste pile. This results in deposition of fine grained sediments on the waste material and limits recharge from the stream to the waste pile. Groundwater levels from DH6 (to be presented later) indicate that Bucktail Creek is perched as it flows across the waste pile.

Field investigations of this waste pile during the spring and summer months showed that no springs or seeps were present near the base of the pile; however, discharge measurements indicated a gain in streamflow between stations 19 and 21 (Figure IV-6). Part of this increased streamflow was due to discharge from the 7265 portal (station 20). When this contribution was subtracted from streamflow at station 21, the gain in streamflow ranged from 13 gpm June 19 to no gain by July 11, 1975. Data for 1974 and 1976 show

similar trends between stations 19 and 21. Station 21 is located about 500

Discharge - Gallons Per Minute

Figure IV-6.

19 2! Bi Bia B2 B83 B4 B5 B86 B7 Stream Sampling Station Number

Discharge in Bucktail Creek between stations 19 and 23 for 1976.

8eT

feet downstream of station 19. The gain in flow may be from drainage from

the 7265 waste pile and/or discharge from the undisturbed colluvium in the

reach below the waste pile. The temporal plots of gain between stations 19 and 21, presented in Figure IV-7, show that the ground-water flow system is quickly depleted following the spring runoff period.

No point sources of discharge could be identified from the 7265 waste pile so no direct water quality data are available. Water quality at station 21 represents input from the 7265 portal, the gain between stations 19 and 21, and the flow at station 19. Cobalt and copper ion concentrations and pH values decrease from stations 19 to 21 while iron concentrations increase (Table IV-2). Discharge from the 7265 portal is low in cobalt and copper (Table IV-2) and the addition of this discharge to Bucktail Creek causes the decrease in cobalt and copper concentrations noted at station 21. The reverse is true for iron concentations and pH values; the addition of discharge from the 7265 portal causes increases in iron concentrations and lower pH values at station 21. Lower pH values also retard the formation of insoluble iron hydroxide precipitates which results and in higher iron

concentrations.

7117 Waste Pile

The 7117 waste pile is similar in size and shape to the 7265 waste pile. This waste pile is composed of waste rock removed during mining operations on the 7117 level. The Bucktail Creek drainage has been filled in for a distance of about 250 feet by this waste material and the creek flows across the top of the waste pile and down the face as it does on the

7265 waste pile. It is believed that the creek is also perched as it flows

w °o

Discharge (Gpm)

Figure IV-7.

Gain In Streamflow Between Gain In Streamflow Between

STATIONS I9 AND 21 STATIONS B! AND B2 1975 Dischorge ; 50 —— 1975 Discharge 1976 Discharge ——— 1976 Discharge O°

fe)

ae Ww oO ax a ee oO 29) a

June July Aug June July

Discharge variations between stations 19 and 21 and stations Bl and B2.

Aug

Ort

over this waste pile; the abrupt gradient change between the natural stream channel and the waste pile causes fine grained sediments to be deposited over the original waste material.

Discharge comparisons between stations Bl and B2 show a marked increase in streamflow along the 300 foot segment of the stream which lies immediately below the 7117 waste pile (Figure IV-6). No surface discharge areas were observed during field investigations of the 7117 waste pile. Discharge at station B2 is the sum of stream discharge at stations Bl and mine drainage from the 7117 portal (station 22). Discharge at station B2 minus the sums of discharge at stations Bl and 22 therefore gives the amount of ground-water inflow to Bucktail Creek between stations 21 and B2. The hydrographs of this discharge for 1975 and 1976 are presented in Figure IV-7B.

The hydrographs shown in Figure IV-7B show an increase in groundwater discharge during August for both 1975 and 1976. This increase occurs during late summer months when recharge is normally quite small. However, monthly precipitation records at Cobalt show that the area received 3.30 inches of precipitation during July, 1975, compared with an average of 1.19 inches for the preceding 10 years of record. For 1976, 2.00 inches of precipitation was recorded during August compared with an average of 1.06 inches for the previous 13 years of record (Table II-5). It is felt that recharge from late summer precipitation events caused the increase in ground-water discharge observed at station B2.

Figure IV-7A shows that discharge variations between stations 19 and 21

are not as pronounced as discharge variations between stations B1 and B2.

A gain in streamflow for 1975 was not detected between stations 19 and 21 after July 11. Streamflow gains noted during July and August of 1976

between stations Bl and B2 were much larger than streamflow gains between stations 19 and 21 for the same period. Similar trends in streamflow gains for the two field seasons suggests that the trend is the result of some physical characteristic of the reach between stations 19 and 21 and is not due to measurement error. It is believed that this lack of response to

late summer precipitation is a function of hydraulic conductivity and the degree of saturation of the waste pile material between the two stations. Hydraulic conductivity in the waste pile material is probably lower than in the natural valley fill material. During the spring runoff period large amounts of water are available for recharge. Although the predominant direction of water movement is downward toward the water table, low hydraulic conductivities in the waste pile material may cause some water to move laterally downslope. This water may then appear as ground-water discharge between stations 19 and 21. In addition, the depth to the water table between stations 19 and 21 is about 35 feet below land surface (Figure IV-5) and small water-level fluctuations would not raise the water table sufficiently to intersect the land surface. By contrast, the water table is believed to intersect the land surface between stations Bl and B2 (Figure IV-5) throughout most of year. The ground-water discharge analysis for the reach between stations Bl and B2 (Figure IV-7B) shows that ground-water discharge occurs

in this reach during all of the 1975 and 1976 field seasons. Therefore, any recharge to the ground-water flow system in Bucktail Creek should appear as ground-water discharge between stations Bl and B2 while large amounts of re-

charge would be needed to cause ground-water discharge between stations 19 and 21.

Water quality of ground water discharging between stations 19 and 21 could not be determined directly since this water enters the stream channel over a 300 foot distance as base flow. Subtracting metal load contributions of station 22 and Bl from metal loads at station B2 gives the metal load included in ground-water discharge from the 7117 waste pile. Knowing the amount of this ground-water discharge, one can work backwards to solve for the metal ion concentrations in the water. The values obtained by this method should be viewed as only approximate.. Table IV-5 gives metal loads, metal ion concentrations, and discharge values for ground-water discharge between stations Bl and B2 for 1975 and 1976. Metal ion concentrations in

this discharge are intermediate between concentrations at stations 19 and 21.

West Fork Waste Pile

A third possible source of acid contribution-in the Bucktail Creek drainage is a surface waste feature which will be referred to as the West Fork waste pile, shown in Figure II-3. Waste material from the Blacktail Pit was dumped at the head of the West Fork of Bucktail Creek to serve as fill material for the main haul road from the pit. The volume of this waste feature is probably on the order of 10,000 cubic yards.

The fork of the creek flows for its full length only during spring runoff or during heavy precipitation events. Maximum discharge is estimated to be less than 50 gpm. Springs at an approximate elevation of 7300 feet supply water to the creek but this discharge infiltrates into the stream channel a short distance downstream of the springs. Station B6 was located during the 1975 field season to monitor discharge and water quality from

the West Fork Waste Pile.

Table IV-5. Approximate metal loads and metal ion concentrations (in ppm) from 7117 waste pile ground-water discharge for 1975 and 1976 based upon mass balance calculations.

Metal Load (lbs/day) Metal Ion Concentrations (ppm) Discharge Co Cu Co Cu

Date (gpm)

7-26 26 =6210 65 520 sone 8-01 39 180 90 420 36.0 8-08 34 150 100 460 ce ee 8-14 40 130 . 190 ~=©600 1¥.2

7-01 46 170 75 51.0 7-08 18 +160 50 450 29.0 7-14 21 110 70 350 25.0 7-23 25 so 110 19.0 7-29 36 ~=-:1130 150 560 20.0 8-03 25 +110 110 19.0

Surface discharge was recorded at station B6 only once during the 1975 field season, when the discharge was 0.5 gpm. Although sampling was conducted at other times, discharge at this station was considerably less than 0.5 gpm. A discharge of 5 gpm was recorded during mid-August of 1975 upstream of station B6, before the streamflow infiltrated into the streambed. Groundwater discharge from the West Fork of Bucktail Creek does contribute to streamflow on the main stream. Figure IV-6 shows discharge increases occur between stations B5 and B7, Bucktail Creek. This increase discharge must come from ground-water flow since no surface-water flow was recorded from the West Fork during the 1976 field season. This component of discharge ranged 'from 2 to 10 api

feasts of water samples collected at station B6 shows that discharge from this-section of the Bucktail Creek drainage is good quality. Much of the discharge measured at station B6 would pass through the West Fork Waste Pile. The West Fork Waste Pile was deposited at the headwaters of the West Fork of Bucktail Creek (Figure IV-1). This waste pile occupies shout 500 feet of the headwaters of the West Fork. Water quality at station B6 would be similar to that at station 19 if leaching of metal ions from the West Fork Waste Pile was occurring. Good quality water at station B6— indicates that there is' no production of acid drainage; therefore, no low

grade ore or sulfide minerals must have been deposited in this waste pile.

Seep Zones

Two ground-water discharge areas are present along Bucktail Creek inbetween stations BIA and B3. Both zones are approximately 50 feet wide at the base and extend up the valley slope on the north side of the Creek

(Figure IV-2). The soil and forest cover in both zones was saturated in

1975 but discharge was limited to a trickle of water. A third zone, located further downstream of the first two (Figure IV-2), was later determined to be the result of slumping or similar earth movement.

Both seep zones were initially identified by dead vegetation and trees which outlined the area. No sample analysis was conducted on water from the zones but electrical conductivity values varying from 1500 to 2000 micromhos were recorded from both zones indicating that poor quality water discharges at both areas. Stations Bl and B4 were initially located to determine if these seep zones were contributing measurable amounts of poor quality water to Bucktail Creek. Data from these stations indicate that most of the increased discharge entered Bucktail Creek above the upper seep zones and the zones did not contribute measurable amounts of poor quality water to the creek.

Mature dead trees in both zones indicates that poor quality water has only recently begun to discharge at these points, possibly within the last 10 years. It is hypothesized that mining in the Blacktail Pit has exposed fault or fracture zones which are mineralized and that the two seep zones along Bucktail Creek are the surface expression of these faults as they cross the creek. Recharge entering the faults leaches metals from sulfide minerals and discharges at the seep zones along Bucktail Creek. Detailed geologic mapping has not been completed in the Bucktail Creek drainage and

this hypothesis can not be supported. Mine Workings

7265 Level The variables discussed in Chapter III which control the production

of acid mine drainage most certainly are applicable to the mine workings

in the Bucktail Creek drainage. The 7265 level lies directly beneath

the Blacktail Pit and receives discharge from the pit via the 896R. The amount of recharge entering the 7265 level in this manner may be quite small, however. The highest discharge recorded at station 20 (7265 portal) was 12 gpm during 1969, while the average discharge for four years was 4.2 gpm. The existence of a direct recharge connection between the Blacktail Pit and the 7265 level was demonstrated during the 1975 field season when lime was used as a tracer. The lime was mixed with water and allowed to run into the pit, and discharge from stations in the vicinity of the pit was monitored for a two-day period. One-half hour after the lime was introduced into the pit, the mixture was observed flowing through fractures to the 7400 level, and then flowing down the 896R to the 7265 level. One hour after the test started, the lime mixture was observed at station 20 (the 7265 portal). The lime mixture was not observed in discharge at either the 7400 portal or the 7117 portal (stations 15 and 22) during the two-day period. Most of the recharge to the 7265 level is believed to come from ground-water discharge to the mine workings because of the relatively constant discharge from the 7265 portal. Much of the recharge to groundwater flow systems which the 7265 workings penetrate probably originates in the Blacktail Zone. Annual discharge from station 20 is approximately 6 acre-feet/year. Water quality at station 20 is shown in Table IV-2. Metal ion concentrations are lower than those at station 19 (Blacktail Pit waste pile) but higher than those at station 22 (7117 portal). Values for pH are lower than at either station 19 or 22. These intermediate metal ion concentrations reflect the leaching of metal ions from the Blacktail Zone and stoped areas between the 7265 and 7400 levels. Some dilution may occur

through intermixing of poor-quality water from mined areas and good-quality

ground water from the fractured rock systems. The mechanisms which foster low pH values in mine workings are not completely understood but may involve iron bacteria as discussed previously in Chapter III. Table IV-6 lists total metal loads and discharge from the 7265 and 7117 levels and the upper Bucktail Creek drainage for 1975. Metal loads at the 7265 portal are much higher than those at the 7117 portal.

Table IV-6. Estimated total metal load and discharge from the

7265 and 7117 portals (stations 20 and 22) for the 1975 water year.

Discharge Metal Load (lbs Station (acre-ft/yr) Co Cu Fe 20 (7265 portal) 6 2,500 3,500 4,000 22 (7117 portal) 6 200 200 300 23 Bucktail Creek 80 9,000 35,000 300

7117 Level

Figure IV-5 shows the relationship of the 7117 level to other mine features in the Bucktail Creek drainage. The 912R connects the 7117 and 7265 levels; deteriorating mine workings on both levels prohibited extensive underground investigations. Based on results of the tracer experiment conducted during 1975, it is believed little if any recharge to the 7117 level passes through the 912 raise. Therefore, most discharge to the 7117 level is from ground water. This discharge may originate as recharge introduced into ground-water flow systems through the Blacktail Pit, or it might come from naturally occurring ground water in the fractured rock system.

Water quality characterisitics at station 22, (Table IV-2 and IV-6) show that metal ion concentrations here are much lower than at station 20

(7265 portal). These lower metal ion concentrations may indicate that the

7117 level is isolated from ground-water flow systems associated with the Blacktail Pit. If this is correct, then metal ions in solution at station

22 were leached from ore zones in the immediate vicinity of this level from ore exposed in the drifts and raises on the level. The lower metal ion concentrations may also reflect the fact that fewer stoped areas exist

above the 7117 level, and thus less sulfide mineralization is exposed to oxidation and leaching. Plate I shows that there are no stoped areas between the 7117 and 7265 levels. Two small stopes do exist, but these were not shown on the diagram. Table IV-6 shows that the metal load contributed

to Bucktail Creek from the 7117 level is small.

Mine Drainage and the Blacktail Pit

Comparison of water quality data from mine workings for 1975 (Table IV-7) shows that discharges from the 7265 and 7400 levels are high in cobalt and copper concentrations while discharges from the 7117 and 6850 levels contain lower concentrations of cobalt and copper. Water quality data from 1969 and 1974 show a:'similar trend for portal discharge. Values shown in Table IV-7 are averages for the field season and therefore take into account concentration variations which occur during the year. The data show that mine workings in close proximity to the Blacktail Pit have correspondingly high cobalt and copper concentrations while workings isolated

from the pit have lower cobalt and copper concentrations.

Table IV-7. Average water quality of portal discharge in the Blackbird Mining area.

Average Metal Ion

Average Concentrations (ppm) Station pH E.G Co Cu Fe 7 (6850) 26 1390 Pie 45.0 150 15 (7400) ae 1590 66.4 298 66.4 20 (7265) 2.8 1750 125 161 183 22 (7117) 29 970 28.9 22.4 35.9

The averages for iron concentrations show that this ion does not follow the trends of cobalt and copper concentrations.

Ratios of annual discharge to total length of mine workings were computed for the various portals to determine if some portals were producing a higher proportion of discharge than others. Drainage from several levels may flow to a common discharge point. Therefore, several levels may contribute to the discharge at a single portal. In general, the 6850 portal drains levels 6600 through 7300, the 7400 portal drains levels 7400 through 7675, and the 7117 and 7265 portals drain the 7117 and 7265 levels respectively. The 7117 and 7265 levels are very much alike with respect to discharge characteristics. Annual discharge fromthe two portals was the same (6 acre-ft/yr) and the length of workings on the 7117 and 7265 levels was about equal. The discharge per length of mine working is about equal for each portal. Therefore, the two levels were treated as a single drainage system and the two portals were treated as a single discharge point for this discussion.

The data show that more discharge per foot of mine working occurs from the 7400 and 7117 and 7265 portals (Table IV-8). These portals drain levels

which are close to the Blacktail Pit, and the pit may be responsible for a

portion of this additional drainage. However, these levels are also nearer to the top of the ridge where greater amounts of snow accumulate during winter months. These levels are also nearer to the ground surface where recharge is intercepted before it reaches lower levels. Greater precipitation during 1976 (Table I-1) is reflected in more discharge from all portals. Table IV-8 shows that a large increase in discharge from the

7117 and 7265 portals took place from 1969 to 1976. This increase may reflect the loss of sand fill from workings beneath the pit and a greater potential for direct recharge to mine workings. Consideration should be given to these data when planting future development of mine workings at higher elevations in the mining area. As much as 50 percent more discharge per foot of workings can be expected at higher levels than for levels deeper

in the mountain.

Drill Hole 5

Ground-water quality and water levels in the Blacktail Pit waste pile were monitored at drill hole 5 (DH5). The location of this drill hole is shown in Figure II-4 while Figure IV-5 shows the cross sevtional relationship of this drill hole to other features in the area. The drill log and construction details for the piezometers are shown in Plate II. Wood fragments were encountered at a depth of about 85 feet. Drilling was stopped at 91.3 feet below land surface where solid rock was encountered. The 85 foot depth is believed to represent the original surface of the valley floor before deposition

of the Blacktail Pit waste material.

Table IV-8. Discharge per foot of working for portals draining the Blackbird Mine

Length of Annual Discharge per Workings Discharge Foot of Workings (feet) Year (gal) gal footer)

6850 Portal (6600 through 7300 Levels)

Drifts 31,400 1969 1.69 x 104 360 Raises 15.100 1976 2.05 x 10 440 Total 46,500

7117 and 7265 Portals (7117 and 7265 Levels)

Drifts 3,300 1969 x 105

Raises 900 1976 3.9 Total 4,200

7400 Portal (7400, 7540 and 7675 Levels)

Drifts 5,400 1969 4.6 x 10? 740 Raises 800 1976 4.9 x 10 790

Water Level Fluctuations

During the 1976 field season, water levels in DH5 stood at about 84.25 feet below land surface (Figure IV-8). The contact between the waste pile and the original valley fill could not be accurately determined but the phreatic surface may actually stand at nearly the same level as in the prewaste valley fill material.

Water levels in DH5 declined 0.64 foot from July through mid-September of 1976 (Figure IV-8). Declining water levels represent the drainage of water from the valley fill material in the absence of inflow. Domenico (1972, p. 48) uses the term recession to describe this — Though there was an overall drop in water levels during the 1976 field season, a water-level rise of 0.15 foot. was noted throughout July. This mid-summer water-level

rise may have resulted from delayed ground-water flow from snow melt recharge.

Water Quality

Average water quality parameters of samples collected from DH5 are shown in Table IV-9. The data show that average copper concentrations are very low while iron concentrations are extremely high, when compared with water quality data from discharge points such as stations 17 and 19. During the drilling procedure, a five foot length of NW casing was lost at the bottom of DH5; it is believed that corrosion of this section of casing results in

high iron values and possibly causes copper to precipitate out of solution.

Drill Hole 6 (7265 Waste Pile)

ol

Depth to Water (feet)

Woter (feet)

g

Drill Hole 5 (Blacktail Pit Waste Pile)

Lo

Depth to

June July Aug. Sept.

Figure IV-8. Water levels for drill holes 5 and 6 for the 1976 field season.

vSL

Table IV-9. Average water quality parameters of samples collected at drill holes 5 and 6 during the 1976 field season. Metal ion concentrations are given in parts per million.

Number Drill of Hole pH Basle, Co Cu Fe Mn Mg Ca Na Samples 5 4.0 4280 '254.0 5.2 2230.0 43.] 370.0 153.0 16.2 5 6 4.2 2980 375.0 805.0 10.4 23.7 208.0 86.0 12.4 7

Metal ion concentrations at DH5 decreased during the course of the field season. Cobalt concentrations decreased from 507 ppm on July 7 to 110 ppm on August 3, and copper concentrations decreased from 9.2 ppm on July 7 to 1.9 ppm on August 3. Water from spring snowmelt percolates down through the Blacktail Pit waste pile and leaches metal ions. This recharge decreases rapidly following the snowmelt period and decreasing volumes of

poor-quality water result in decreasing metal ion concentrations at DH5.

Drill Hole 6

Drill hole 6 was completed in the 7265 waste pile about 20 feet from Bucktail Creek (Figure II-4). Figure IV-5 shows the cross sectional location of this drill hole. Construction details for the piezometers are shown in Plate II. Material encountered at 41.6 feet is believed to be colluvium at the original land surface before deposition of waste rock in the Blacktail Creek Drainage.

Two piezometers, DH6S and DH6D, were installed in this drill hole. Piezometers DH6D was perforated frm 26.6 feet to 41.6 feet. The hole was back filled with silica sand; a 3 foot bentonite seal was placed in the

hole from 26.6 to 23.6 feet. Piezometer DH6S was perforated from 15 to

8 feet with the hole back filled with silica sand. A 0.5-foot bentonite seal was placed at the surface of the hole to prevent entry of surface runoff

water.

Water Level Fluctuations

Water level measurements in the two piezometers showed that at this location, the 7117 waste pile was unsaturated from the surface to a depth of approximately 35.4 feet. Although the drill hole is located only 20 feet from Bucktail Creek, standing water was never detected in piezometer DH6S. Therefore, Bucktail Creek is perched as it flows across the surface of the waste material. A coating of iron hydroxide is present along the creek bed. This precipitate forms a concrete-like coating on rocks and sediment in the streambed and is believed to seal the alluvial material and prevent stream infiltration into the waste pile.

Figure IV-8 shows water-level fluctuations in piezometer DH6D. With the exception of one measurement, water levels declined continuously during the course of the field season. It is believed that ground water monitored at piezometer DH6D is flowing in pre-mining valley fill material. Figure IV-5 shows the stream profile along Bucktail Creek and the approximate location of the water table in the stream channel alluvial material, based on water

levels in drill holes 5 and 6.

Water Quality

Average water quality parameters at DH6D for the 1976 field season (Table IV-9) show that copper concentrations are high while iron concentrations are relatively low. This water type is similar to that observed at station 19 and probably represents water quality conditions in the

alluvium more accurately than water samples collected at DH5.

No trend in metal ion concentrations is apparent at this drill hole,

in contrast to other drill holes, where increasing or decreasing metal ion concentrations were noted during the course of the summer. Constant metal jon concentrations may indicate that ground water moving past DH6 percolates through mine waste material where a constant leaching of metal ion occurs. An alternative explanation might be that a constant volume of poor-quality water moves downward to the water table where intermixing occurs. This latter explanation is thought to be incorrect in view of the wide fluctuations

in discharge over the summer.

Seasonal Variations

Water-quality variations at stations along Bucktail Creek follow trends noted in the Meadow Creek and Blackbird Creek drainages. Figures IV-9 and 10 show metal ion concentrations at station 23 for the 1974, 1975 and 1976 field seasons. Metal ion concentrations are lowest on the falling limb of the discharge hydrograph, when accumulated oxidation products have been flushed 'away and acid discharge is diluted by the spring runoff. Less discharge is available to dilute acid drainage in the late summer low flow period, and metal ion concentrations increase. Heavy snow accumulations prevented access to the drainage during the spring. The quality variations during the rising limb of the discharge hydrograph were thus not determined. It is probable that an initial rise in metal ion concentrations accompanied the first part of the spring runoff similar to that noted in the Blackbird

Creek drainage.

Cobait

°

fo}

t N

SLANIN Y3d SNOTIVS-39Y8VHOSIG

° ° 9 6 8 ry OIMIAW Yad SLYVd

N 4

— Noilvylnsonod No! 1Vl3Sw

June July Aug. Sep. Oct.

May

Sep. Oct. Nov.

Aug.

Total metal ion concentrations for June to November, 1974 and June to Auaust

at station 23 (Bucktail Creek).

Figure IV

Metal Ion Concentration- Ppm

Figure IV-10.

Discharge Coboit Copper se fron

May June July Aug. Sep. Oct:

Dissolved metal ion concentrations for the 1976 field season at station 23 (Bucktail Creek) .

Discharge - Gallons Per Minute

6Sl

Downstream Variations

Downstream water quality variations along Bucktail Creek are best shown by considering the metal load that the stream transports. Figure IV-11 shows variations in copper metal loads as a function of downstream position for nine stations along upper Bucktail Creek. Sample stations are plotted in downstream order from station 21 (Bucktail Creek) at the 7117 waste pile to station 23, the lowest station where discharge was monitored on Bucktail Creek. Point discharge sources of acid drainage entering Bucktail Creek (such as station 22 and discharge below the 7117 waste pile) are not shown on this graph.

The figure shows that metal loads at upper stations are relatively low until ground-water discharge below the 7117 waste pile enters the creek. The metal loads more than double between stations Bl and B2. The metal loads remain constant between station B3 and B4 indicating that no loss of metals by precipitation occurs along this reach of the stream. The average copper metal load decreases by 55 pounds or about 20 percent between stations B4 and B7. Examination of discharge during the same period (Figure IV-12) shows that streamflow is lost to the alluvium between stations B4 and B7. This infiltrating water contains dissolved metal ions and therefore part of the decreased metal load noted at station 23 is due to this loss. Forty percent of the copper metal load lost between the two stations can be accounted for by a loss in discharge. The remaining 60 percent of the 55 pound decrease probably precipitates out between stations B4 and B7.

Additional metals are precipitating out of solution onto the

streambed between stations B4 and B7. Field observations along Bucktail

Creek shown that iron hydroxide precipitates increase below station B6.

Average Metal Load- Pounds Per Day

Figure IV-11.

19 2! Bi BIA B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 23 STREAM SAMPLING STATION NUMBER

Average copper metal load in pounds per day along Bucktail Creek for the period August 1 to August 14, 1975.

I9T

Discharge - Gallons Per Minute

Figure IV-12.

19 21 Bi Bia B2 Bs B4 B5 B7 23 Stream Sampling Station Number

t ' feet fe) 250 500 1000

Average discharge in gallons ner minute along Bucktail Creek for the period August 1 to August 14, 1975.

Z9T

Good-quality ground water entering Bucktail Creek at station B6 could raise the pH of the water sufficiently to cause precipitation of metals. However, stream discharge averages shown on Figure IV-12 do not show an increase in discharge below station B6.

The water quality downstream of station 23 is assessed in terms of metal ion concentrations since no stream gaging stations were established along the lower reaches of the creek. Metal ion concentrations decrease sharply downstream of station 23 (Figure IV-13). Numerous springs dicharge into this lower section of the creek resulting in dilution of metal ion concentrations. Some of the decrease in concentrations is also due to precipitation of metals out of solution. These precipitates form thick coatings on rocks and debris in the stream channel. The bright blue copper precipitates are most noticable and coat the stream channel of lower Bucktail Creek and the South Fork of Big Deer Creek. These precipitates are believed to be a coppercobalt sulfate. Precipitation is caused by the inflow of good quality water which raises the pH of water. Copper precipitation in particular is closely controlled by pH in the range 5.0 to 5.5. Additional dilution and metal precipitation results from the mixing of Bucktail Creek and the South Fork of Big Deer Creek, and Big Deer Creek (stations 26 and 28, Figure IV-13). Metal ion concentrations are generally below maximum standards set for drinking water below station 26. Even these low metal ion concentrations have an adverse effect. Field observations by the author show that while trout were abundant in Big Deer Creek above station 28, none were observed

in a one mile stretch of Big Deer Creek immediately below station 28.

Total Metal Production Metal loads at station 23 can be calculated for specific periods

where both metal ion concentrations and streamflow measurements were recorded,

Metal ion concentrations - parts per million

Oo

Figure IV-13.

'Seems - Cobalt

Average metal ion concentrations for stations 19 through 28 for the period July 21 to November 2, 1976.

y9T

and estimated for annual periods when sufficient data are available during the year. Metal loads for annual periods were estimated by projecting discharge values and metal ion concentrations where data were not available. Table IV-10 presents cobalt and copper metal loads in tons for various periods of 1969, 1974, 1975, and 1976. The data show that dissolved copper production was approximately 17 tons during 1976. Total copper production, which includes both dissolved and suspended copper, is probably significantly higher. Metal loads for Bucktail Creek (station 23) and Blackbird Creek (station 4) may be comparied on Tables IV-10 and III-8. Although data for station 4 are given for the 1976 water year and data for station 23 are given for the 1976 calendar year, the data are roughly comparable since a low flow - high flow - low flow sequence is included in each period. The data show that copper loads are higher at station 23 while cobalt loads are higher at station 4. Discharge for the 1976 water year for stations 4 and 23 was 5,800 acre-feet and 97 acre-feet respectively.

Table IV-10. Calculated and estimated metal loads at station 23 for various periods.

Metal load (tons)

Year Period Co Cu 19694 4-26 to 9-30 5.5 11.0 1-01 to 12-31° 6.5 13.0 19742 7-21 te 11-02 1.0 6.4 1975 6-15 to 8-15 1.8 9.3 1976? 5-22 to 11-01, 3.8 15.5 1-01 to 12-31 4.9 17.5

4 Metal load is total metals Metal load is dissolved metals Estimated metal load

Summary

Graphs of metal ion concentrations vs time show that metal production is dependent on discharge and follows the same pattern noted in the Blackbird Creek drainage. Discharge at stations 17 and 19 (F. S. and Blacktail Pit waste pile) have low iron concentrations and moderate pH values, in contrast to all other point source discharge stations which have low pH values and high iron concentrations. Factors which may contribute to the water type observed at stations 17 and 19 are: (1) no recharge from acid mine drainage due to a location at the head of a drainage basin,

(2) a common source of waste rock and low grade ore in both waste piles, and (3) similar chemical reactions in both waste piles.

Two seep zones on Bucktail Creek discharge small quantities of poor quality water. These areas may be the surface expression of fault or fracture zones which carry poor quality water from the vicinity of the Blacktail Pit.

Based on water quality parameters, the 7117 level appears to be hydrologically isolated from ground-water flow systems associated with the Blacktail Pit, while the 7265 level appears to be hydrologically connected with the Blacktail Pit and the 7400 level. Mine workings at higher elevations produce as much as 50 percent more discharge per foot of mine working per year than mine workings at levels deeper in the mountain.

Ground-water quality in the upper Bucktail Creek drainage is similar to surface water. Water quality parameters and water level fluctuations indicate that surface water and ground water are closely interrelated. Annual cobalt and copper loads at stations 4 and 23 (Blackbird and Bucktail Creeks) are similar, but annual discharge at station 4 is 40 to 50 times greater than at station 23. Iron loads at station 4 are approximately 100

times greater than at station 23.

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECLAMATION ALTERNATIVES Conclusions

Total Discharge

Total discharge from the Blackbird Mining area for the 1976 water year was about 5,900 acre-feet, with about 5,800 acre-feet of this discharge from Blackbird Creek (station 4) and about 100 acre-feet from Bucktail Creek (station 23). In Blackbird Creek, acid drainage totaled about 420 acre-feet from Meadow Creek (station 10A) and 63 acre-feet from the 6,850 portal (station 7) for the 1976 water year; the remaining 5,320 acre-feet measured at station 4 was good-quality water from Blackbird Creek above the mill (station 7) and small tributaries betweer: stations 4 and 6. Only about 50 acre-feet of the 420 acre-feet measured at Meadow Creek is actual acid mine drainage from point discharge sources; the remaining 370 acre-feet is good-quality water from snowmelt runoff and Meadow Creek above the F. S. Waste Pile (station 16). The entire 100 acre-feet of discharge measured in the Bucktail Creek drainage (station 23) is acid mine discharge. This gives a total of 213 acre-feet of acid mine drainage from point discharge sources

in the Blackbird Mining Area for the 1976 water year.

Discharge-Metal Ion Relationships Stream discharge and water quality are closely interrelated in the Blackbird Mining Area. Discharge-metal ion relationships show that heavy

metal concentrations are: (1) low during winter months, (2) increase

sharply during the initial spring runoff period, (3) are very low during the latter part of the spring runoff, and (4) rise gradually during later summer months. As much as 75 percent of the total annual metal production occurred during April and May of 1976. This large output of heavy metals during a short time period occurs each year.

Acid Production: Underground Workings Acid production from underground workings is controlled by: (1) oxygen, (2) availability of pyrite and other heavy metals, (3) moisture in the mine atmosphere, (4) availability of water to transport oxidation products, and (5) mine characteristics (Traxler and others, 1975). An additional variable may be the presence of iron bacteria which facilitate

e+ to Fe".

the oxidation of Fe Variables 4 and 5 can be managed to reduce or eliminate acid mine drainage from the underground workings.

Several raises in the Blackbird Creek drainage intersect the ground surface and receive direct recharge from surface runoff and ground-water discharge from shallow ground-water flow systems recharged by snowmelt. Recharge to mine workings also occurs in areas where Meadow Creek is above workings on the 7100 and 7200 levels. Oxidation of sulfide ore minerals takes place continuously. Flood events flush the oxidation products out of the mine. In the Bucktail Creek drainage, the 7265 and 7400 levels are hydrologically connected with flow systems associated with the Blacktail Pit. Workings at the 7117 level are isolated from these flow systems.

Mine workings at higher elevations produce greater quantities of discharge

than do workings at lower elevations in the mountain.

Acid Production: Surface Waste Features

Acid production from surface waste features is governed by the following variables: (1) oxygen, (2) availability of pyrite and other heavy metals, (3) moisture in the waste material, (4) availability of water to transport oxidation products, (5) physical location of the waste feature, and (6) presence of iron bacteria. Variables 4 and 5 may be managed to reduce acid drainage from surface waste features.

The F. S. and Blacktail Pit waste piles produce water with significantly lower iron concentrations and lower total iron loads than waste piles located at lower elevations in the Meadow and Bucktail Creek drainages. Waste features located at lower elevations are recharged by acid water with high metal ion concentrations and low pH values. Acid production from tailings and waste rock deposited in stream channels is a significant source

of heavy metal production in the Meadow Creek drainage.

Reclamation Alternatives Reduction of acid production from present surface and underground features can be accomplished by inititating various maintenance procedures. Future mining anbiviwie should incorporate hydrological variables in mine

planning and surface waste site selection procedures.

Underground Workings Field investigations have shown that mine characteristics and availability of water to transport oxidation products out of the mine are factors

which can be controlled to reduce acid mine drainage.

Mine Characteristics All raises intersecting the ground surface should be carefully inspected

for signs of recharge from both surface and ground water. This inspection

should include the following raises: 506R, 527R, 598R, 607R, 619R, 622R, 663R, 669R, and the 706 VR. Any additional raises intersecting ground surface which are not shown on mine diagrams should also be inspected for signs of recharge. Many of these raises have been sealed against direct surface water recharge in the past three years. Water seeping into the raises from saturated soils and colluvium may be prevented by grouting around the outside of the raise to a depth of 8 to 10 feet. This would apply to raises located in fonee where ponding or direct surface-water flow exists. Particular attention should be payed to the 706VR. This raise has not been sealed and the raise is forming an increasingly large pit as sloughing occurs along the sides.

Mine characteristics contributing to recharge to mine workings in the Bucktail Creek drainage will be very difficult to correct. One possible solution would be to seal the bottom of the Blacktail Pit to eliminate direct recharge to the 7400 and 7265 levels. Water would then pond in the pit and seepage through the pit walls would take place unless the walls were also sealed. Seepage through the pit walls would probably leach heavy metals from the ore zones. Metal production might be increased if this procedure was used. The above problems could be avoided if the Blacktail Pit were filled in with waste rock to an elevation of about 7,520 feet, about eight feet higher than the haul road at the western end of the pit. Figure IV-5 shows the cross sectional view of the pit and the haul road at the mouth of the pit. If the pit was filled to an elevation higher than the road, surface water would drain out of the pit area, across the

haul road and down the Blacktail Pit waste pile. The fill material should

be revegetated to prevent erosion and excessive infiltration and the

haul road should be culverted to allow runoff to pass under the road.

Availability of Water to Mine Workings

Reducing or redirecting water flow in the mine should also reduce metal loads discharging from the mine. A first priority should be to grout or cap all flowing drill holes on all levels, especially the 6850 level. This could easily be done and would result in an immediate reduction of 16 acre-feet of water at the 6850 portal as shown in Chapter III.

Maintenance work should be continued on all levels to prevent ponding of water and flooding of ore filled réises, such as on the 7200 level. During spring runoff ponding occurs on levels which are blocked by caveins or excessive accumulations of iron hydroxide precipitates. Water may pond up until it flows down raises that are normally dry. Oxidation products are then flushed out of the raises. Water discharging from raises to the 7100 and 7200 levels should be traced back to its origin and appropriate maintenance steps should be undertaken to reduce this flow. Water should be prevented from flowing through stopes or raises containing oxidized ore where production of acid salts is potentially high. In many cases this would involve erecting and sealing a bulkhead at the entrance to the stope or raise, while in other cases this would merely involve cleaning out the drainage ditch on the level to allow water to flow freely along the level.

Diversion of discharge to central flow points within the mine workings would help to eliminate flushing of accumulated oxidation products or con-

tamination of gcod-quality discharge sources. Discharge from the 7400

if

portal could be diverted down the Brown Bear shaft and down raises to the 6850 level. Diversion of this flow down the Brown Bear shaft would not result in any additonal metal leaching since the shaft is fully timbered. Such a diversion could only be considered a temporary solution since the timbering in the shaft will deteriorate with time. This discharge and water flowing to the shaft from other levels could be directed to the 6850 level down raises which do not contain oxidized ore. The drainage system on the 6850 level could handle this increased discharge if flowing drill holes on the 6850 level were capped. There should be no net increase in discharge at the 6850 portal since the annual discharge from the drill holes is about equal to flow on the 7400 level. As an additional advantage in this diversion, discharge from the 7400 portal would no longer be available to leach metals from waste piles and mine debris in the Meadow Creek drainage, resulting in decreased metal production from this source. Decreased metal production should be especially apparent during low flow periods when the 7400 portal is the major source of poor quality in the upper Meadow Creek drainage.

A second major diversion, suggested by Idaho Mining Company personnel, would direct water from the upper Bucktail Creek drainage down through a bore hole to the 6850 level and out of the mine. If this diversion could also include discharge from upper Bucktail Creek, the majority of all water quality problems in the Bucktail Creek drainage could be eliminated. Such a diversion would necessitate erlarging the drainage system on the 6850 level, as a maximum flow of about two cfs should be expected at the 6850 portal during peak runoff periods. The diversion site on Bucktail Creek should be cerefully selected so that all poor-quality water discharging

to Bucktail Creek is included. The original plan called for completing a

borehole from the 7117 to the 6850 level, but this would not allow for diversion of poor-quality water from the creek. Analysis of the data show that poor-quality ground water enters Bucktail Creek below the 7117 waste pile, from 7000 to 6975 feet elevation. This poor-quality ground water might be diverted at higher elevations in the drainage. However, drill logs at DH6 show that the water table is about 35 feet below land surface in the 7265 waste pile. A similar depth to water probably exists at station 21 (7117 waste pile). It appears that completing a bore hole from an elevation of about 6975 feet in the Bucktail Creek streambed

to the 6850 level would intercept all poor-quality water produced by upstream mining features, including portals and waste piles. This plan would have the drawback of diverting much good quality water during the

spring runoff.

Surface Waste Features

Reclamation alternatives for surface waste features in the Blackbird Mining area are more expensive and difficult to initiate than underground reclamation alternatives. Surface waste features are vulnerable to flushing of oxidation products from both the pile surface and within the waste material. Erosion of the waste material by surface water is also a problem. Revegetation research is continuing on the F. S. and upper Blacktail Pit waste piles with encouraging results. This approach deals effectively with erosion and also helps to prevent leaching of acid salts from the waste pile. The development of a mature soil profile and establishment of vegetation elminates direct action of weathering processes on the waste material. Evapotranspiration losses from vegetation established on the

waste pile will reduce the amount of water infiltrating into waste piles.

Therefore poor quality seeps and springs originating from waste piles should show a decrease in discharge. Additional reclamation procedures which may be applied to other surface waste features in the area are dis-

cussed in the following section.

7400 Waste Pile

Diversion of mine discharge from the 7400 level down the Brown Bear Shaft will eliminate the only source of acid recharge to the 7400 waste pile. Although the waste pile will continue to receive recharge in the form of spring snowmelt and rainfall, these sources of good-quality water should result in little metal production. Discharge from the 7400 portal now flows across the top and down the side of the waste pile, where erosion takes place continuously. Diversion of mine discharge down the Brown Bear Shaft will reduce erosion at this site. Revegetation should be initiated on this waste pile to further reduce erosion and to retard infiltration

of water into the waste material.

Meadow Creek and 7100 Waste Pile

Eliminating discharge from the 7400 portal will eliminate a major source of acid contribution to the upper Meadow Creek drainage and to the 7100 waste pile. Some improvement in ground-water and surface-water quality in Meadow Creek could be expected as a result of this reclamation plan. However, streamflow will still recharge the 7100 waste pile and poor-quality water would continue to discharge at station 10, and erosion will continue as Meadow Creek flows over the edge of the waste pile. A diversion system might be installec along the waste pile to alleviate recharge and erosional problems. This diversion system could be either a

culvert or an open canal which should begin at least 200 feet upstream

of the 7100 portal and continue to at least 200 feet downstream of the portal. The diversion channel should be constructed at a constant slope with the outfall at the same elevation as the stream channel below the waste pile. This construction procedure would minimize sediment build-up in the diversion structure. The diversion should be designed to carry

discharge from at least a 25-year frequency runoff event.

West Fork Tailings Pile

Field research has shown that surface discharge of acid drainage is limited to small springs at the downstream face of the tailings pile. Ground water underflow probably contributes additional acid drainage to the West Fork of Blackbird Creek. Neither of these two sources of acid discharge represents a major water quality problem. Treatment of poorquality ground water from the tailings pile would require the installation of a cutoff wall installed to bedrock to prevent ground water from flowing out of the area.

A potentially serious water quality problem is the existence of several barrels of cyanide buried in the east end of the tailings pile. Corrosion of the barrels will release the contents and infiltrating snowmelt will carry the cyanide down into ground water flow systems. This material should be exhumed and disposed of properly.

Another potentially serious problem is the concrete culvert which carries the West Fork of Blackbird Creek under the tailings pile. The culvert has proven adequate thus far to carry discharge from the West Fork. The intake to the culvert must be maintained constantly during the spring runoff period to prevent clogging by trash and sediment. If this intake

were to become clogged, the stream would pond up behind the tailings pile.

A spillway was not included in the design of the pile and water flowing over the tailings pile could easily erode the tailings material. A major failure of the tailings pile could then follow.

Wind movement of fine grained material from the tailings pile constitutes a major form of erosion during dry summer months. Revegetation of the tailings pile surface may not be practical since future mining plans call for remilling this material to recover cobalt and copper.

A layer of talus rock, locally plentiful, could be placed on the tailings pile and would eliminate this source of erosion. Remilling of the tailings

material would also remedy the problem of a tailings pile failure.

Stream Channel Restoration Disposal of dredged mining debris near Blackbird Creek may result in increased metal production. Future channel restoration should include plans to store mining debris at a site where contact with water can be avoided. The dredged material could be covered with topsoil and revegetated and the disposal area should be located so that leached metals will not be transported from the debris to ground-water flow systems. The West Fork tailings pile

would satisfy these requirements.

Roads and Surface Exploration Features During the course of exploration work, an extensive network of roads, trenches, and drill pads was constructed along the ridge bordering Meadow Creek on the east. The Idaho Mining Company graded in all exploration trenches along the ridge during the 1975 field season. This work should result in decreased recharge to fault and fracture zones on which the trenches

were usually located. Surface runoff from disturbed areas will still be

i a

higher than from similar areas covered with natural vegetation. Studies by the Forest Service (1959, p. 247) show that: forested watersheds which have been 100 percent burned yield up to 20 percent more runoff than similar forested watersheds. Similar runoff increases can be expected from areas adjacent to Meadow Creek where exploration and road building has removed all vegetation. Grading and revegetation plans should be implemented for all these disturbed areas. Unlike surface waste features in the mining area, these areas are not contaminated by sulfide minerals and revegetation could be easily accomplished. Only those roads providing access to active mining areas should be maintained. All other roads, drill pads, and trenches should be revegetated. This work will reduce erosion and stream siltation in the mining area and control runoff from thunderstorms. Thunderstorm activity during summer months often results in flash flooding conditions which does much damage in disturbed mining areas.

Permanent access and haul roads should be built and maintained in accordance with recommended procedure. Sceva (1973) presents mine road construction guidelines modified from the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration report "Industrial Waste Guide - Logging Practices, 1970". These guidelines deal with the location, design, construction, and maintenance of mine roads. Air photos can also be used to locate areas where erosional and flooding problems are likely. Air photos taken during the spring snowmelt period of 1974 indicated that certain points along the main haul road are susceptible to erosion from surface runoff. During the succeeding field seasons it was noted that these same points suffered continued erosion during the spring runoff. Culverts capable of carrying runoff from spring snowmelt should be installed at these points.

Similar areas of annual erosion on the Blacktail Pit waste piles were noted on the air photos. Conversations with mining company personnel

indicate that revegetation areas on these waste piles were destroyed by

thunderstorm runoff during July, 1977. This type of destruction can be avoided by studying air photos and identifying paths that surface runoff is most likely to follow. Reclamation work can be initiated to prevent

erosion and flooding from future runoff events.

Considerations for Future Mining Development

The Blackbird Mining area contains one of the largest developed cobalt deposits in the United States. Mining of the deposit will resume when economic conditions become favorable. Water quality problems associated with future mining activities can be minimized by applying reclamation procedures listed in the previous section and by considering the following points.

Hydrologic site selection factors should be considered for the location of tailings disposal areas, waste rock storage areas, and low grade ore storage areas planned for future mining activities. Disposal areas for tailings and waste rock are limited by the physical characteristics of the Meadow Creek and Blackbird Creek valleys. These valleys would normally be considered marginal for the disposal of the solid wastes since both have perennial streams and associated ground water flow systems, but these are no alternative sites in the Blackbird Mining Area.

Plans call for two new open pit mines, two stripping rock disposal areas, a low-grade ore disposal area, and a tailings disposal area (Davis, 1972). The tailings disposal area will be located on Blackbird Creek about 500 feet upstream of its confluence with Meadow Creek (Figure V-1). About 2 million cubic yards of tailings will be deposited behind a dam built from about 800,000 cubic yards of stripping rock from the proposed Idaho-Dandy open pit

mine. Water from Blackbird Creek is to be diverted around the tailings pile

Explanation

Ayan WASTE PILES

Portals

2—>

°

BLACKTAIL PiT WASTE BLACKTAIL PIT

Pile

Proposed Mine Developement

1. Brown Bear Pit 5. Tailings disposal area 2. Idaho-Dandy Pit 6. Contingency low grade ore 3. Idaho-Dandy stripping disposal area disposal area

4. Contingency stripping disposal area

Figure V-1. Blackbird Mine facilities showing location of future mine developement.

in a channel. In view of the discharge differences between Blackbird and Meadow Creeks (stations 6 and 10A: 3,600 acre-feet vs. 400 acre-feet for the 1971 water year), it may be.wise to relocate the proposed tailings pile in the Meadow Creek valley. Diversion of Blackbird Creek around the tailings pile may prove to be very difficult and expensive, and maintenance of this diversion channel after mining stops would also be expensive. Contamination

of good-quality water in Blackbird Creek would be difficult to avoid during the construction, operation, and abandonment of a tailings pile of this

size. Much smaller quantities of water would have to be diverted if the tailings pile was located in the Meadow Creek valley. Quantities of contaminated water associated with the tailings dam would also be much smaller. Assuming that a water treatment plant would be an integral part of the

future mining facilities, the plant could be butte £0 treat a smaller quantity of water. Objections to relocating the tailings pile are a lack of space

and interference with haulage roads from the onen pit areas. The Spring

Creek valley above station 12 might be considered as an alternative tailings disposal area.

Figure V-1 shows that a major stripping disposal area is to be located in the gulch immediately east of the proposed Idaho-Nandy pit. This disposal site has potential water quality problems associated with it because of intermittent discharge during spring runoff. The total runoff from this gulch is small, on the order of 20 acre-feet per year. Placement of the stripping material may increase runoff from the gulch since evapotranspiration losses will decrease. Runoff from the gulch could be diverted to the water treatment plant; however, discharge from this waste feature may not require treatment if the stripping rock does not contain high amounts

of sulfide minerals.

Discharge from underground workings can be expected to increase followina the resumption of mining activities. Water for diamond drilling, sand-fil] water, and recharge from the Idaho-Dandy open pit will constitute the majority of this increase. Recharge to mine workings from Meadow Creek should decrease with the development of the Brown Bear open pit. Discharge from Meadow Creek will enter the Brown Bear pit and continuous pumping of the pit will be required. Plans call for backfilling mined areas with sand fill from the mill. It is suggested that those workings nearest the surface, both existing and proposed, be sand filled to discourage the entrance of recharge to mine workings. Sand filling will reduce subsidence problems and prevent the development of fracture systems associated with subsidence. Numerous bulkheads have collapsed in the existing workings allowing sand fill to escape from mined out areas. Bulkheads installed for future sand fill operations should be fully reinforced to prevent collapse.

The total volume of acid water presently discharging is small in relation to total discharge from the mining area. Some poor-quality water is to be expected from the proposed mining area. Treatment costs will be considerably less if this discharge is isolated from good-quality water.

Ground water discharge from all surface waste features should be intercepted by the use of cutoff walls and this discharge should be diverted to the

water treatment plant.

Reclamation Costs Reclamation plans for two molybdenum mines in central Colorado were studied to get an estimate of the costs of the various reclamation alternatives suggested for the Binekbird Mine. These mines are the Urad Mine near Empire, Colorado, and the Climax Mine located near Leadville, Colorado.

Both mines are situated in areas similar to the Blackbird Mining District,

and both mines use mining techniques similar to those employed at the Blackbird Mine. The Continental Divide crosses the Climax property, and the mill facilities are located at an elevation of 11,318 feet above sea level. Underground panel caving and open pit mining is used to remove from 37,000 to 40,000 tons of molybdenite ore per day from a deposit located in Bartlett Mountain and Ceresco Ridge. It is estimated that at least 450 million tons of ore remain to be mined as of 1974 (Achttien, 1974).

A total of about 14 million tons of molybdenite ore was removed from the Urad Mine before the Urad ore body was depleted in 1974. A modified block-caving system of underground mining was used to remove the ore.

The mill facilities were located at an elevation of about 10,200 feet above sea level. Climate of both mines is very similar. An average of 24.6 inches of precipitation over an 11 year period was recorded at the Jones Pass Weather Station near the Urad Mine. Most of the precipitation is in the

form of snow. Tailings and mine waste deposition areas exist at both mines (Wright and Brown, 1974).

The following descriptions of selected reclamation procedures and cost estimates are taken from an outline of plans and techniques to be used at the Urad Mine (Wright and Brown, 1974). The outline was filed with the Colorado Department of Natural Resources in 1974 in response to Colorado mining laws of 1969 and 1973. An inflationary increase of eight percent for 1975 and seven percent for 1976-79 was used to arrive at the estimates. The estimates given are for 1976. These reclamation costs should be representative of costs which will be encountered in restoration work in the Blackbird Mining Area. The tailings area reclamation sequence at the Urad Mine consisted of the following steps: (1) landscape with rock, (2) spread wood

chips, sewage sludge and 0. amendments, (3) mix the amendments into the J

fragmented rock with a dozer, (4) spread topsoil on selected difficult areas, (5) seed with grass mixture, (6) spread as many logs from the dead timber clean-up operation as are readily available, (7) plant trees (containerized and transplanted seedlings), (8) irrigate as much as feasible and necessary for the first season, and (9) follow with more trees and shrubs. The 1977 cost estimate for this procedure was about $2,500 per acre. The sewage sludge was to be hauled from Denver and an initial application of 20 tons/ acre was suggested for the tailings pile. Such large amounts of sewage sludge are not available from cities in the vicinity of the Blackbird Mine and this soil amendment would probably be omitted from the reclamation sequence as applied to the West Fork Tailings Pile. This would reduce the reclamation cost per acre for the tailings pile.

Mine waste reclamation at the Urad Mine presented a difficult problem due to very steep stopes and southern aspects. Scarification of the slopes followed by establishment of grass seedlings held in place by some type of mesh was proposed. Trees were to be planted on the dump. Cost of this work was estimated to be about $2,100 per acre. If this tion procedure were applied to waste piles at the Blackbird Mine, it is suggested that a series of benches, similar to those seen in highway cuts around the state, be established down the face of the waste pile. These benches would provide flat areas for vegetative growth and would provide

catchment areas for moisture.

Some 10 miles of mine roads were to be reclaimed in the mining area. This reclamation work consisted of closing and revegetating the roads. The cut and fill areas were to have been hydromulched and road beds

scarified and seeded. This work was estimated to cost about $400 per

acre. Hydromulching of any additional disturbed areas was estimated to cost $270 per acre.. Hydromulching was proposed for areas such as road and pipeline cuts and fills and other areas that were inaccessible for other methods of planting. Treatment costs for acid discharge from abandoned mines in the area were not discussed either reclamation outline. The reclamation outline for the Climax Mine did point out that Climax had acquired abandoned mines during expansion periods and that acid discharge from these abandoned mines was diverted into the Climax closed industrial water circuit. It is not known whether this is intended as a permanent solution to acid mine discharge. Reclamation costs discussed in the preceding paragraphs could be decreased if the design of a new mining operation included comprehensive reclamation measures which would accompany the mining process. However, the ultimate goal of the reclamation plan should be the design of a mining operation where continued water treatment is not required after closure of the mine. Continued water treatment is usually needed for acid discharge from underground workings. Sealing or flooding of underground workings has been proposed as a method of preventing acid discharge. These methods may work reasonably well for flat lying strata in areas of low relief but would be of little use for steeply dipping strata and rugged terrian such as the Blackbird Mining District. Additional research is needed in this area

of mine reclamation.

References Cited

Achttien, Donald B., 1974, Comprehensive plans for land reclamation and stabilization of the Climax Mine, Climax, Colorado: Unpublished report prepared by Climax Mine, Climax Colorado, for the Colorado Division of Mines, .Department of Natural Resources, Denver, Colorado.

Anderson, A. L., 1943, Cobalt mineralization in the Blackbird Mining District, Lemhi County, Idaho: Idaho Bur. Mines and Geology Pamph. 61, Moscow.

Anderson, A. L., 1947, Cobalt Mineralization in the Blackbird Mining District, Lemhi County, Idaho: Econ. Geology, V. 42, No. 1, p. 22-46.

Barnes, Ivan, and Clarke, F. E., 1964, Geochemistry of groundwater in mine drainage problems: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 473A.

Brown, Eugene, Skougstad, M. W., and Fishman, M. J., 1970, Methods for collection and analysis of water samples for dissolved minerals and gases: U. S. Geol. Survey Techniques Water-Resource Inv., book 5, Chap. Al.

Corley, Donald R., 1967, Biological Sampling above and below the Introduction of Mining Wastes, 1967: State of Idaho Fish and Game Depart. Report.

Davis, F. T., 1972, Water pollution abatemant program for the Blackbird Mine of the Idaho Mining Company: Unpub. report prepared by Hazen Research, Inc., Golden, Colorado for the Idaho Mining Company, Box 514, Cobalt, Idaho 83229.

Domenico, Patrick A., 1972, Concepts and models in ground-water hydrology: New York, McGraw-Hill, 405 p.

Farmer, E. E., Richardson, B. Z.. and Brown, R. W., 1976, Revegatation of acid mining wastes in central Idaho: USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. INT-178.

Gibbs, R. J., 1973, Mechanisms of trace metal transport in rivers: Science, v. 180, p. 71-73.

Hawley, John R., 1972, The problem of acid mine drainage in the province of Ontario: Special Projects Section - Mining Industrial Wastes Branch, Ministry of the Environment, 135 St. Clair Ave. West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Hem, John D., 1970, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1473.

Hendrickson, G. E., and Krieger, R. A., 1964, Geochemistry of natural waters of the Blue Grass Region, Kentucky: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1700.

Kennedy, V. C., Zellweger, G. W., and Jones, B. F., 1974, Filter pore-size effects on the analysis of Al, Fe, Mn, and Ti in water: Water Resources Res., v. 10, no. 4, p. 785-790.

McAuliffe, J. D., 1975, Hanna Mining Company, Mine Superintendent, written communication.

Mink, L. L., 1973, Evaluation of settling ponds as a mining wastewater treatment facility: unpub. Ph. D. dissertation, Dept. of Geology, University of Idaho, Moscow.

Moran, Robert E., and Wentz, D. A., 1974, Effects of Metal-mine drainage on water quality of selected areas of Colorado, 1972-73: Colorado Water Conservation Board Water-resources Circ. 25.

Ohio State University Foundation, 1971, Acid mine drainage formation and abatement: Document PB 199 835, National Technical Information Service, Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D. C.

Pence, Dan, 1965, Panther Creek and tributaries aquatic habitat inventory, mime USFS Region 4, Salmon Nationé1 Forest.

Platts, William S., 1967, Water quality studies in Panther Creek drainage for monitoring aquatic habitat conditions in the Idaho Mining Company (Blackbird Creek) influence area: U. S. Dept. of Agri. Forest Service Progress Report #1.

Platts, William S., 1968, Liming operations: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Progress Report #2.

Platts, William S., 1969, U.S.D.A. Forest Service Progress Report #3.

Sceva, J. E., 1973, Water quality consideration for the metal mining industry in the Pacific Northwest: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Report No. Region X-3, Seattle, Wash.

Singer, P. C., and Stumm, Werner, 1970, Acidic mine drainage: The rate determining step: Science, v. 167, p. 1121-1123.

Smith, E. E., 1971, The chemical system, in Acidic mine drainage formation and abatement: Washington, (U. S.) Environmental Protection Agency Grant 14010 FPR, DAST-42, p. 35-42.

Sonderegger, J. L., Wallace, J. J., and Higgins, G. L., 1975, Acid mine drainage control-feasibility study, Cooke City, Montana: Final Report Montana Bur. Mines and Geology to Montana Dept. Nat. Resources and Conserv.

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1975: American Public Health Association and others, Boyd Printing Co., Albany, N. Y., 1193 p.

Stumm, Werner, and Morgan, J. J., 1970, Aquatic chemistry; and introduction emphasizing chemical equilibria in natural waters: New York, Wiley- Interscience, 583 p.

Theis, C. V., 1973, Groundwater as a mineral resource-economic mineral occurrances and association: SME Mining Engineering Handbook, vol. 1, Chapter 4.57E, p. 39, 44-45.

Trexler, Bryson D., 1975, The hydrology of acid production in a lead-zinc mine: unpub. Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Geology, University of Idaho, Moscow.

Trihey, E. Woody, 1974, Techniques for determine amount and distribution of precipitation in mountain valleys of Idaho: Water Resources Reseerch Institute, University of Idaho, Open File Series, no. 203.

Umpleby, J. B., 1913, Geology and ore deposits of Lemhi County, Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 528, pp. 71-71, 153-165.

U. S. Bureau of Reclamation; 1975, Water measurement manual: 2nd ed., revised reprint, Dept. of Interior, Washington, D. C.

U. S. Congress, Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 1964, Mineral and water resources of Idaho: prepared by the U. S. Geol. Survey, Idaho Bur. of Mines and Geology and Idaho Dept. of Reclamation, U. S. 88th Cong., 2nd Sess.

U. S. Forest Service, 1959, Handbook on methods of hydrologic analysis - 3503: Forest Service Category 2 Handbook, Washington, D. C.

Vhay, J. S., 1948, Cobalt-copper deposits of the Blackbird District, Lemhi County, Idaho: U. S. Geol. Survey Strategic Minerals Investigations Preliminary Report 3-219.

Vhay, J. S., 1952, Cobalt resources, Chap. 6 of Materials survey on cobalt: Compiled for the Materials Office, National Security Resources Board, by U. S. Bur. Mines with coop. U. S. Geol. Survey, p. 5-56.

Walsh, Fraser, and Mitchell, Ralph, 1972, A pH dependent succession of iron bacteria: Environmental Sci, Technology, v. 6, p. 809-812.

Wentz, D. A., 1974, Effect of mine drainage on the quality of streams in Colorado, 1971-72: Colorado Water Conservation Board Water-Resources Circ. 21.

Williams, Roy E., 1968, Ground-water flow systems and the origin of evaporite deposits: Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology Pamp. no. 141.

Williams, R. E., and Mink, L. L., 1975, Settling ponds as a mining wastewater treatment facility: Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology, Pamphlet 164, Moscow.

Whittemore, D. 0., and Longmeir, Donald, 1974, Ferric hydroxide microparticles in water: Environ. Health Perspective, v. 9, p. 173-176.

Whittemore, D. 0., 1975, The solubility of ferric oxyhydrcxides in natural waters: Ground Water, v. 13, no. 4, p. 360-365.

Wright, H. R., and Brown, Larry F., 1974, Comprehensive plan of land reclamation and stabilization at the Urad Mine, Amax, Inc.: Unpublished report prepared by Urad Mine, Empire, Colorado, for the Colorado Division of Mines, Department of Natural Resources, Denver, Colorado.

Appendix I-1. Water quality analysis of samples collected July, 1967 in the Panther Creek Drainage Study Area (ppm). Numbers in parenthesis are corresponding University of Idaho sampling stations. Forest Service Data.

Station Fe As Ca 1M (10A) 25.0 Neg. 7.50 2M (13) 2.0 Neg. 15.90 3M (16) 0.0 Neg. 1.05 1B (8) 0.0 Neg. 5.55 2B (6) 50.0 0.2 11.60 3B (3) 0.0 Neg. 4.05 4B (2) 2.0 Neg. 6.30 5B 15.0 Trace 10.50 6B 1.55.14 Neg. 7.00 7B le 63 Neg. 6.05 8B 0.0 Neg. 1.95 9B 0.0 Neg. 7.05 10B (7) 290.0 0.4 10.50 11B 20.0 Neg. 5.70 1P .76

2P +20

3P 1.55

5P 1.34

6P 41

7P 1.58

8P . 1.49

9P 3.32

Appendix I-2. Water quality analysis of samples collected October 19, 1967, in the Panther Creek Drainage Study Area in ppm. (Except pH). Numbers in parenthesis are corresponding

University of Idaho sampling stations. Forest Service data.

Station Test 1B (8) 2B (6) 4B (2) 5B 6B 8P 9P pH 7.00 3.40 5.30 3.70 6.50 7.50 7.40 Total Solids 46.00 504.00 116.00 252.00 70.00 70.00 56.00 Alk. 85.00 100.00 70.00 70.00 60.00 150.00 175.00 Hardness 70.00 250.00 80.00 120.00 90.00 90.00 120.00 Ca 18.00 51.00 20.00 28.00 20.00 24.00 32.00 Mg 6.00 29.00 7.00 12.00 16.00 7.00 10.00 Fe 0.60 2.85 2.40 3.12 1.20 0.37 0.05 S04 11.00 224.00 90.00 104.00 28.00 17.00 41.00 N03 1.04 2.50 0.50 1.90 1.14 0.88 1.06 PO, 0.12 0.16 0.10 0.32 0.11 0.16 1.88 CI 9.00 32.00 19.00 17.00 6.00 6.00 9.00 Mn 0.05 0.50 0.50 0.60 0.80 0.05 0.05 r 0.06 0.00 0.16 0.13 0.18 0.5] 0.63 Na 6.00 20.00 11.00 10.00 4.00 3.00 6.00

O6T

Appendix I-3. Dissolved copper content of water samples collected in the Panther Creek drainage 'study area, 1967. Concentrations are in micrograms per liter. Numbers in parenthesis

are corresponding University of Idaho sampling stations. Forest Service data.

Station 3-06 5-04 6-06 6-13 6-26 7-15 9-22 10-3 10-25 Ce) nr a 0 secs 500 75 0 2B (6) 3,000 13,500 2,000 2,000 a" 7,000 16,000 11,250 ao 0 0 0 0 0 0 4B 2,000 3,200 0 50 0 0 75 0 a 2,250 300 1,000 200 1,700 7,000 1,950 Oo eee 500 0 200 96 0 750 200 re ee 0 50 15 0 0 50 0 rr 0 100 ae 0 0 — weana- Cr 0 — 0 150.000 wane a 138,000 92,000 20,000 5,300 7,000 5,000 i ne 8,800 9,000 14,000 22,500 20,250 ee 18,000 12,400 40,080 9 =en-=- Mee lll Ol 2,000 14,950 3,500 mem ete (dee ee ie 0 150 0 ne eee ge ices eee OS San) eka, —weeeee 0 Sie ie, aU 1 eae (mew 0 ee Sen 150 ee ee ee 100 ee eee a . 0 a ee ne a 100 rn ee er 100 a ee eee ti" 50 Oe ere ie Serene cere etce eae ee 0

T6T

Appendix I-4. Content of heavy metal ions found in water samples collected in the Panther Creek drainage study area in micrograms per liter. Samples collected 10/2/67, 12/8/67, 1/11/68 and 3/15/68. Forest Service data.

Metal Station Fe Mn Cu Co Zn cr As Ni 1P 190 4 20 9 - - 5 - 2P 40 ] 5 ] 8 3 5 10 24 ] 35 - - - 5 - 7B 190 3 5 5 9 2 5 10 110 2 13 - 19 - - - 92 4 5 - - 6 8 10 6B 1560 90 270 560 15 2 5 30 2000 115 270 - 20 6 47 30 2000 114 190 - 20 6 - 20 960 - 230 - - - - - 3P 1560 90 240 481 13 2 24 20 1190 99 160 - 15 6 24 20 1150 92 130 - 25 6 - - 1300 - 170 - - - - - 4p 1000 4] 140 280 16 2 22 20 490 67 50 - 12 6 18 20 1000 58 86 - 60 6 - - 1090 - 98 - - - - - 5P 90 2 10 44 12 6 4 10 57 2 8 - 12 - 10 16 ] 10 99 tz - - 240 - 28 - - - - 6P 38 13 150 184 9 3 12 10 78 6 50 - 21 6 5 10 78 3 52 30 6 - 10 oY - 35 - - - - - 7P 1130 34 140 263 9 2 23 10 500 59 50 - VF 6 19 - 890 4] 86 - 46 6 - - 800 - 84 - - - - - 8P 690 20 90 184 14 3 31 20 2060 39 50 - 19 6 50 10 610 28 77 - 15° 6 - 20 560 - 56 - - - - - 9p 310 18 3 - ] 3 10 10 110 8 6 - 12 6 5 10

Appendix II-1.

Water quality and quantity data for 1969 from the Blackbird i4inina Area. by the Idaho Mining Company.

Station 7 (685) Portal)

Date

Gi3E9 4)969 5)1609

Flow (Gpm)

3).0 3). +20 4 Je 4). 6). 6). 4).9 43.)

Ph

DENK ONRF OOF OCwwmMnNnwnwy

NN Www WWH Nw w

@ @

(aa) (PPM)

2).9 32.)

"32.8

Cu

(Ppm)

OOCUOWNNODOOWS @ @ Sc@ @ € © et Bie ©

Vv Ndwofsohoov

Fe

(Ppm)

28.) 5.)

Station 7 Contd

Date

Tol6S9 7176S

Flow

(Gpm)

6).

8).

47.)

Ph

36:29

a8

3.1)

Samples collected

co

(PPM) 42.) $2.1 4).8 Bled

cu

(Ppm)

Shed 484% 41.) 31.) 132% 15.)

FE (PPM) 7S Tb.2 €0.0 T8e.1 78.4%

€6L

Station 7 Conto

Date

T2409 8)409

FLOW PH (GPM) 40.9 3.11 40.0 3.15 4)-)2 3.17 40.0 3.22 4).) 3.2) 40.0 3.25 4).) 3-2) 40.0 3.24 40.0 3.28 30.0 3.12 39.0 3.55 43.) 3.16 30 Seiad 3) 3.32 30.) 3.99 30.9 3.02 39.) 3.22 30.0 3.08

Station 9 (St Joe

Oate

8)569

Flow Ph

Se22e

a: Ded! oe De3T

d 3.3)

ca (PPM) cr: Shs?

Portal) (Ppm)

62.) 68.)

cu (PPM) 1).6

12.) 1).8

Cu (Ppm)

TTel T5642 74.)

Staticn 7 Comnto

FE DATE (PPM) 7861 82769 Tet 82U59 78.3 82909 78.0 : 902609 78.4% 97369 79.1 90469 78.9 90309 77.6 90809 78.1 90969 78.1 91)69 78.6 91159 80.7 92269 79.6 92369 719.8 92469 79.6 92569 80.2 92609 75.5 92909 7561 93269 75.3 100169 T7661 100269 78.) 100369

Station Fe Date (Ppm)

T2e1 61869 73.9 81969 76.8 82 )69 74.6 82169 75.3 82269 76.2 82569 77.7 82669 75.3 82769 77.2 82869 78.0 82969 78.4 93269 79.3 90369 TEL 90469 78.6 90569 79.3 90869 79.6 9)969 81.0 91069 77.6 91169

(Gp)

33.)

3).9

Ph

3693)

9 Contd

Flow

(Gpm)

ar a ee ae ee) ee . . ee COWMWKWYYWwuUvus

a

Ph

3etS 3.3) 3,29 3.5)

co (PPM) €2.5 62.) 6).9

cu (PPM) ll.é

Cu (PPM) 73.) ts65 70.4% 4).8 666%

FE (ppm) T7662 79.) T9022 7é.1

Fe (PPM) T2.2

Station Date

4)269

Lia (Meadow Creek)

Flow (Gpm) 15.)

15.) 15.)

LT.l

6).

15). 15).

Ph

ca (PPM)

Cu

(Fom)

3).8 49.4% 65.)

Fe

(Ppm)

31.4%

3).5 be I

Staticn 10A Conto

Date

6r169 7T)I1L69 T0769

Flow

(Gpm)

522)

59.)

Ph

a 3.4) ae20

co (PPM)

Cu (Ppm)

Fe (Ppm)

Noses Oonnnnoocoyvn

e

nN ik cee ee ee ee a CSUN SVK VUOUOFOUWS OW

o

S6L

Station 15 (7400 Portal) Station 15 Conto

DATE FLOW FH co Cu FE DATE FLOW FH ca cy FE (GPM) (PPM) (PPM) (PPM) (GP) (PPM) (PPM) (PPM) 22469 2.2 341 24e2 Wet L2s3 51269 2429 3.18 69.9 94.1 79.3 22569 2.5 3.3 2465 Psd Vel - 514569 20.0 3.49 68-5 94.3 79.7 22669 fed. Bol 24-4 136% 13.0 51569 186-5 3.12 179.3 94.9 79.7 22769 2.9 362 24.3 9.8 L3cl 51669 3e2? 5929 940% Be) 22869 207 5635 24-9 1061 1423 52969 3.16 72.3 94.7 73.22 30369 2-7 3.20 22.8 19.3 41.7 52159 3015 17.7 94.6 THet 30469 2.6 3.28 23.7 9.4 29.7 52269 3e38 F202 S4ea2 TBs3 30509 2-7 3.3 44.2 10.1 23.1 52369 3642 TLR 94.3 73.9 30769 2-6 3.3 24.9 9.7 44.5 52609 133.3 3.17 68.% 94.5 F6.% 311369 2.7 3.32 2-8 13.7 38.) 527u9 40 3-18 63.9 %4#.3 1.6 31269 3.0 3.03 24.4 10.3 13.2 52469 3-22 63.5 94.4 L.4% 31469 207 3.07 24.2 10.2 12.) 52769 133.3 3.27 63.3 94.5 244 31469 2.5 32.14 247 10.5 17.6 60259 28.6 3642 6268 93.7 3-9 31769 2.6 3.12 23.6 10.7 22.7 60309 25.0 2.9% 72.0 92.8 T7.1 31369 2-6 32.18 23.8 1).6 29.8 6)469 28.6 3.04 71.9 92.4 77.9 31969 226 3.22 22.7 9.8 39.3 60669 3.03 Tle 92.1 T7661 32909 2-6 2.98 22.67 9.3 10.8 60959 3.)8 69.1 9368 T7723 32169 20.7 3290 22.4 9.7 9.7 61969 3.23 68.8 99.1 76.5 32469 Zot Bel2 2203 TO 15.22 61169 4.0 3.01 63.1 91.6 78.1 32569 266 3414 22.41 Sed 15966 61269 Set 6GScl Gla2 TBS 32669 2.5 3-28 22.2 8.% 28.8 61369 3-12 63.9 90.4 78.1 32769 2.7 2-91 2242 3.3 7.7 61669 3.28 62.5 88.4% 79.) 32969 2.7 329) 21.7 8.7 6.3 61769 3-18 6469 67.0 179.7 33169 5.0 3.05 57.2 92.3 34.2 61869 3.3% 63.5 86.2 179.3 40169 5-0 3.02 53.0 91.2 40.4% 61969 3-32 62.5 78.6 40269 5.0 3.00 55.1 91.4 96.9 62959 3.20 63.2 83.5 14.0 40369 7.5 3.96 58.7 Q7.1 28.44 62369 17.1 3.30 €1.6 681.4 75.2 4)7T69 504 32)8 592) 96.9 54.4 62469 17.1 3.35 690.8 81.4 7345 40369 5-4 3.02 69.1 95.6% 55.7 62569 10.0 3.890 €).5 537.9 7322 40969 725 3204 59.8 97.9 55-63 62009 8.6 3.3) 61.638 79.3 73.8 41169 8.6 3.)5 59.5 97.1 50.8 62769 3.29 61.9 78.4 72.7 41469 10.0 3.10 64.5 97.0 75.0 63069 $10.0 3.30 59.7 T5.0 TlaS 41569 10.0 3.)8 634.6 95.69 74.8 T)L69 12.) 3.38 59.1 75.8 78.6 41769 12. 3.02 63.1 97.6 174.0 70269 12.0 3.40 59.7 75.5 71.7 41869 3.08 67.2 98.0 73.9 70369 3.42 58.8 174.3 173.4 42169 3). 3.12 73.5 98.7 78.6 70769 8.6 34.52 56.7 71.5 77.9 422609 20. 3.23 71.4 94.0 174.6 70869 6.0 3622 5764 T2ek 69.5 42359 30. 3.618 77.3 95.2 T204% 79969 6.) 3.3) 5722 73.8 62.8 42469 60. 3.19 77.8 95.2 73.8 71969 6.0 3.35 56.8 70.7 66.4 42509 20. 3418 76.3 96.2 16.6 71169 6.0 3.32 54.5 T7le% 66.0 42869 336 BIS F555 9665 T7964 71469 6.) 3.26 58.0 72.2 74.6 42969 30.0 3.22 75.2 94.9 79.7 71509 6.0 3.12 5523 69.5 66.8 43069 306 3.02 Tel 9409 T7755 T1669 6.0 342) 54.2 69.) 66.44 53169 39- 3-38 7602 945 77.29 71769 6.0 3.25 53.6 63.5 67.6 50269 20. 3403 75.7 94.65 77.8 T1869 6.0 3.28 52.6 ©6769 6844 59569 2%. 3633 7522 94.5 178.6 72169 6.3364) S104 65.2.) 71-5 50609 30.0 3.12 70.7 95.2 78.0 72269 6.0 3.12 53.7 67468 67.6 50769 40.0 3.05 70.6 95.2 T7724 72369 6.9 3.22 52.3 66.3 68.0 53869 4)23 32.98 72.3 9501 T7722 72469 6.0 3.28 51.5 65.0 68.1 50969 GO. 3612 6966 95.0 77.4 72569 6.0 3.38 50.7 64.7 69.5

Station 15 Conto : Station 15 Contd

DATE FLOW PH co cu FE DATE FLCW PH co cu FE (GPM) (PPM) (PPM) (PPM) (GPM) (PPM) (PPM) (POM) 72969 6.9 3.18 54.4 61.9 65.4 82869 4.0 3.22 45.AR 46.9 51.9 72769 6.0 3.28 53.7 62.4 66.7 82969 60 3623 S503 4569 B20 73369 6.) 3.28 5SL.9 614% 67.5 92269 40) 3.33 44.8 44.45 62.1 73169 6.0 3.30 53.8 59.9 66.6 90369 4.0 3415 44.0 44.8 Slel 89169 3-42 53.90 59.0 67.9 99469 4.0 3.92 43466 44.4% Soe9 89469 4o2 3.23 51.8 56.3 66.5 90569 4.0 3.9% 43.0 4366 51.26 89569 6.0 3.38 51-1 59.0 65.2 90369 4.0 3.26 42.6 56.5 57.21 89569 669 3-38 50.3 54.6 66.5 93969 32.24 42722 55.59 58% 89769 3-28 50.3 54.9 69.5 91069 4.0 3.22 42.0 41.0 62.7 89669 3440 49.8 5344 14.4 91169 3.32 41.65 39.7 07.29 81169 6.) 3.18 52.7 56.3 65.7 92269 4o2 3-12 26.62 3961 5343 81269 6.0 3.35 SL-5 55.6 63.3 92369 4e2 3626 2565 37.6 52.7 81309 42 3.25 59.8 54.9 64.3 92469 203) 2409 Bed 52.7 81869 3.32 48.6 52.8 70.2 92549 4e2 3.32 2565 37.7 54.3 81969 Bel 2.80 47.7 51.5 54.6 92669 40 3033) 2569 S77 STal 82969 es) Bcl2 4652 Sisk Sted 92969 40} 3.19 23.9 4)-5 5720 82169 4.0 361 45.5 48.8 56.7 94069 Ge2 3432 23468 39466 Soe 82209 4-9 3.20 44.7 438.2 57.4 100169 4.0 3.37 23.7 38.7 53.3 82569 4.) 3.33 44.) 47.2% 65.3 100269 3e34 2364 33.0 52.0 82669 4.0 3.22 48.1 49.9 56.4 100369 3.39 2.9 38.5 STATION 20 (7265 PORTAL) STATION 20 CONTO DATE FLOW PH co cu FE DATE FLOW PH cq . CU FE (GPM) (PPM) (PPM) (PPM) (GPM) (PPM) (PPM) (PPM) 22469 1.6 2.9 57.7 33.0 68.0 52069 3e19 74-68 S44 179.3 22669 1.7 2.8 5722 34.9 66.6 52169 3.22 74.6 94.3 79.9 22769 1.5 2.8 $520 29.2 69.4 52269 3032, T4eS 93.9 T3955 22869 1.5 3.15 55.8 28.9 7).2 52369 3642 71.8 94.3 78.9 30369 1.4 3.03 54.8 38.8 72.8 52669 404 3.13 71.5 9464 77.6 30469 1.2 2.85 55.5 68.1 52769 4e4 3.12 TID 94.2 75.7 3)569 'Le4 3.97 54.9 38.2 6746 52869 3620 TOT 94.2 T7602 31069 1.4 3.04 54.4 33.5 174.9 52969 §-0 3.22 70.6 93.8 76.2 31269 1.4 2.77 60.5 32.8 174.9 63269 404 3.4) 7).1 92-65 T7728 31369 164 2.78 6.1 33.5 174.2 603609 404 3.20 26.1 G16 80-90 31469 1.5 2.80 61.1 33.9 74.5 60469 4.4 3.02 75.7 GleT 30.4 4169 4.3 2.88 63.8 71.8 73.1 61669 3.10 75.1 Glel 78.8 40269 509 2.89 63.9 92.0 74.2 60969 3.08 T4-l 89.0 89.0 40369 2-88 61.63 94-4 60.5 61009 Ba2) T3e? B8e2 T9025 49769 3.9 34.22 39.9 864.4 45.5 61169 3.05 73.55 99.5 8302 40869 2.9 3.18 31.1 7le2 16.8 61269 3225 70.5 89.3 81.3 42869 19.) 3-13 75.4 93.6 179.3 61369 3-1) 7)-2 39-1 81.6 42969 12. 3428 74.3 93.6 179.2% 61769 3-15 72.2 87.0 82-5 43969 6.6 3.08 T7.2 94.0 76.5 61869 3.31 7123 85.6 82.8 53169 9-2 3.97 76.2 93.6 76.) 61969 3.30 70.3 64.9 31.9 50269 7.5 3.10 73.6 93.3 76.7 62069 3-17 Tle2 85. 73.7 59569 6.6 3.35 76.3 93.0 77.7 62369 266 3623 T)e6 82.8 71964 59669 6.8 3.13 70.0 93.5 72.3 62469 3.3 3.32 70.0 81.8 79.0 50769 6.6 3.06 70.3 93.5 T7124 62569 303 3455 70.4 82.7 7923 59369 623 3-32 6964 9367 7723 62669 3-5 3.28 T1le7T d2.2 ABle2 50969 7.5 3.03 69.6 93.8 78.4 62769 3.25 TLe2 816% 80.7 51269 7.5 3.20 68.2 94.9 77.26 63069 3-28 69.9 9.) 8)-5 51369 8-7 3-40 TO.1 94.2 80.6 70169 3.35 70.0 78.9 80.5 51569 6.6 3.17 70.6 94.4 179.6 70269 3.3 3434 69.8 78e4 80.7

51669 3.2) WT B4e2 BI02 79369 3032 69.4 T7.4 8).9

Z6L

Station 29 Contd Station 2) Conto

DATE FLCaw PH co cu FE DATE FLUW PH ca cu FE (Go) (PPM) (PPM) (PPM) (GPM) CPPM? CREM) {hoH) 7769 2-7 3-62 59.6 69.5 77.9 81969 Zel 2693 GSe2 67.3 (56 T0669 3.3 3.25 GOF9-L Tel G8.7 829459 2.1 2698 Or-1 6524 77.9 79969 303 3.22 7).2 75.8 6846 B2169 201 2.98 63.2 64.9 To.5 T1969 303 3232 69.9 T7e4 69.25 82269 201 3-00 62e% 64.1 77.20 T1149 3.3 3.38 69.5 76.1 68.2 62569 2-1 3623 S167 63.0 78.5 71469 3e) 3019 79.8 78.) 8)-7 82669 2el 3.12 676% 63-2 T7429 71569 3.3 3.03 68.8 75.8 179.4 82709 201 3.15 67.1 62.0 T8e1 71669 3.3 3.00 67.9 75.2 78.1 82369 2-1 3-12 E501 61-9 To.9 T1769 Be3 3elLl 6766 75.7 T7826 82949 2el 3.19 6661 5022 762% 71369 3.3 3.12 €4.6 75.8 73.7 90269 Zeli 3030 6555 S94 TTF 721609 303 3028 Ghek Teel T7193 9)369 Zel Bed Ged S89 19.2 72269 3.3 3.00 67.4 78.1 80.9 90469 201 2.96 $63.0 5965 73.8 712369 3.0 3.05 66.5 77.5 380.2 949969 2-0 2.94 G46 S303 7525 T2469 363 3-38 6567 16.5 83.4 90669 209 3019 63638 2965 THe? 72509 3.0 3.03 64.8 76.7 179.9 90969 2203 63-3 29.3 73.9 72869 3.9 3.12 71.0 75.7 8).7 91309 20) 3-16 632.3 55.6 79.8 T2969 3.0 3-18 71.0 76.9 80.3 91169 343% 62.7 52.1 3d64 73069 3.0 3.20 69.8 76.4 80.7 92269 2.0 3.06 47.7 Sl.3 783.8 8)169 3.25 73.5 17564 89.7 92369 2.2 3-1 4669 50.6 78.5 80469 3.12 69.8 73.5 80.1 92469 3.12 46.% S1.eL 73.0 80569 3.20 69.3 71.8 19.26 92569 202 3615 472.) Sled Tdn2 81569 264 34623 66.7 170.2 719.28 92669 20.2 3215 47.5 Sled T8.L 80769 3.10 68.9 70.6 80.4 $2909 264 3610 42.3 5565 7922 87869 20% 3642 6864 Tle2 82.2 93169 20% 3614 47k 54-5 7729 81149 264 3-12 The2 72.1 6145 L001 69 264 3421 41.0 5269 77.0 81269 264 3622 70.8 70.9 861.9 100269 3.12 41-9 Sel 1622 81369 264 3622 69.8 69.7 B8lel 100369 3018 4166 5268 175.9 81869 2-1 3.28 68-1 68.0 82.2 STATION 22 C7LLT POSTAL) STATICN 22 CUNTO DATE FLOW PH co cu FE DATE FLCW fH C3 Cu Fe (GPM) (PPM) (PPM) CPP) (GPM) (PPM) (POM) (PPM) 40769 0.8 3.69 18.7 16.0 O.l : 62069 3056 3922 U7-2 1662 43369 Je2 32668 172.9 16.5 0.1 62369 32.0 3.63 39.8 15.9 21.29 "#0969 1.3 3.2 17.L 15.5 O.1 62469 3.0 3.68 40.3 16.7 24.5 41069 1.7 3.81 156.9 1462 dL 62569 3-) 34648 39.2 16.8 36.7 52369 3.75 39.7 26.6 18.0 62669 3.0 3.67 49.1 16.3 16.6 52669 403 3.55 3669 22.8 22.6 62769 3.63 40.7 16.0 15.9 52769 $2.) 3.52 37-3 410% 7669 63069 3-7 3666 39269 1525 17.29 52869 3.58 36.3 21.4 77.1 T0169 3.0 3.72 40.3 15.7 18.2 52969 4o4 3.63 36.6 29.7 T7722 73269 3.9 3.73 412) 1662 1922 60269 4-0 3.73 37.7 18.9 27.5 70369 3.72 40.3 165062 ev. 69369 4.0 3.38 39.2 17.4 7.5 T0709 3.0 3.83 40.9 1567 32.6 61469 4o9 36.43 38.6 172) 9.9 TINGED Sek Fe61 4362 Wel Tard 60669 3648 41.64 21.0 11.5 70969 3.0 3.58 42.1 16.65 192% 60969 3.59 40.4 16.6 L961 71969 3.0 3.68 43.3 16.6 79.7 61969 3-62 39.7 16.8 I7.1 71169 3.0 3.66 43.3 17.3 79.9 61169 3.40 40.0 1722 16.7 T1469 3.3 3.57 47.1 1966 26.6 61269 3e43° 39.3 18.4 1465 71569 209 364) 4407 1728 1324 61369 3647 39.4.0 1668 1963 71669 267 3446 43-8 18. 13.29 61069 3.58 386464 1961 2261 T1769 207 3648 43.3 1769 1462 61769 3.5) 4).) 17.8 17.8 71869 267 32.50 4267 17-7 1762 61369 3.68 39.7 18.1 24.3 72169 2.7 3.60 4264 17.9 27.61 61969 3.63 39-1 17.5 30.7 72269 267 3642 44.5 1969 134)

Station 22 Contd

Date

8)%69

Station 23 (Bucktail Creek Ch.

Cate

52 )69

Flow

cue nee @ oe 6

Nnnnnnynnmann Wn

Flow (Gpm) 75.) 50.) 39)

Ph

4.2)

co (PPM) 44.)

co (PPM) 5).1 42.4%

cu (PPM) 19.) 2503:

' cu

(Ppm) 94.)

Fe (Ppm)

"2063

n m

(Ppm)

—-ONMm Rr RK EN OF KE SNe wVeNWFUNUOYUNNNN

eet ere ee eaee

°o

To2

Station 22 Conto

Date

$0269 9)369 G9959 G1 )609 $2909

Ph

3.4)

Station 23 Conto

Date

Tol69 T0269 T3769 T0869 Tll69

Flow

(Gpa)

133.)

T).3 69.)

Pil

4.4)

4e32

4e4e

cu (PPM)

44.4% 2oe7 24e1

ca (PP) $3.2 59.4% 752% 62.)

cu (PPM) 2).9

A923

cu (PPM) 94e) 9%e1 S566 D404

FE 1lo.3 21.)

42 be ee tO es

eee

we SOfOOVCDOCONRK RKP RKP NRENR OU BOUNYPUPNKP OOFUNWOS LY

STATION 23 CONTO STATION 23 CONTD CATE FLOW PH co cu FE DATE FLCWH PH co cu (GPM) (PPM) (PPM) (PPM) (GPM) (Pea) (PPM) 72269 4208 4.12 63.5 94.2 82669 250) 4043 640i Sel 72369 37-5 4.18 60.9 94.1 82769 252 4622 62.9 94.9 72469 42.8 4.25 59.5 9461 62cb9 2520 4-45 62-65 94.1 72569 4223 42.28 58.6 94.) 82969 25:00 4032 Gee D402 72369 37.5 4.28 65.2 95.2 $0269 25.0 4642 62.9 94.3 72969 37.5 4640 64.4 95.3 9)369 252) 4625 62-1 94.3 73969 3765 4640 634.4 95.2 90459 23-0 4.15 61.8 94.5 73169 3705 42645 64-1 95.2% 90569 25.0 4.22 61.6 94.1 8)169 4047 65.3 95.3 93869 222) 4.18 E1290 69.1

89%69 33-3 4-32 64.3 94.7 2 90969 4-12 60.3 69.1 80509 33.5 4.38 63.4% 94.7 91969 2164 4.92 6)06 94.2 & 3569 4242 63.2 94.5 S11L59 Gel? 69.1 9523 80769 30.0 4.23 63.8 9%.7 92269 20.0 3.96 45.5 94.5 89209 3.35 62.7 94.6 92369 216) 40-9) 4468 94.6

81169 30.0 4.43 66.5 94.3 81269 30.9 4235 65.5 94.2 81369 3929 4643 63.7 94.3

92469 3-98 45.7 94.25 92509 21-0 4000 44.63 94.6 92659 21.0 4-28 4642 944

81869 4026 63.7 9465 92969 17.5 3.83 40.8 99.0 81969 4.12 61.4 94.8 9369 1765 4012 4369 9963 82069 25-0 4-18 59.9 94.8 100169 17.5 4.01 4lel 9923 62169 27-2 4e2T7 5904 94.9 100269 41-7 99el 82269 252) 4032 5929 9468 109369 4.02 429.9 97.2

eo 8 Ce Ge ee € et oe 2 8 et ®t OM Rr NW FO DOAMENUNFS HUODWUF

NFR OCF VOON Fr RK Kr RR RP Re Ree Re eee

82569 25.0 4625 58.8 94.8

eeee ee © oe © #e © FFOOvVonuonNnnovrwoe

mr O UD Pm me RH De er OKO

Appendix

Station

Date F

( T1971 3)27L Llol7L

Station 2B (6)

SI57L $2571 6OLTL 6)771 7Tl27L

18 (8)

Low Cfs)

co (PPM) +143 +34 +032 -.Ol -.OL -.O1 --O1

1).95

cu (PPM) ). IL3 +046 + 133 209% O16 O16

FE (PPM) e701 73 olT

2).73

Water quality and quantity data for 1971 from the Biackbird Mining Area. the Idaho Mining Company. USDA Forest Service, and Idaho Denartment of Health.

Station 28 Contd

Date

T1971 8)271 11)171

Station 38 (3)

SLTTL 628TL Tl27L T1971 B92TL

Station 6865) Poftal (7)

6 TTL TL9OT7L 8)271 90LTL Ll s171

Flow (Cfs)

+22 ell

eld

co (PPM) 2e72

re F, eJL)

2

-.O1

-.Ol

Gel LT.L 564%

Samples collected by

39).7

Loz

Station 4B (2) Station 5B Conto

DATE FLOW co cu FE DATE FLOW ca cu ce (CFS) (PPM) (PPM) (PPM) (CFS) (pen) qPpaM) (Pe) 22571 -.Ol 1.96 52671 285 254% B.cl 33L71 485 015% 1.44 53171 274 3270 27.62 41171 12.5 - 255 2305 022 6é)171 346 3) 5.21 41471 3.8 2062 213 046 60271 253 41 8.09 41471 +99 2001 1.23 60371 41 258 4.15 QYSTE "2.5 2357 213 - 007 60TTL 261 247 19.41 42671 12.25 209 -.01 1.23 OL5S7L 7467 250 259 1.94 5037L 35 73 -.0L 1.12 61571 236 237 1.) 59571 47 2024 2017 3.17 6l77L +24 237 3.34 50571 -.0l Ol 1.36 61g7l 743 049 1.95 Sr37l GF -J17 e 12 268 62171 254 33 2.99 SETZL 'SZ -OL2 +008 76 eel Th 242 265 2.16 52671 37.5 2019 2910 262 G24TL 3925 065 +69 2258 S2a7L B87el 202 2 03 7249 6247 255 253 2.17 53171 2.9 008 -O71 1.02 62°71 251 +50 2.92 6)171 eJl2 316 63 63)71 047 284 3-39 60271 15 2016 69 70671 +60 295 4.29 60371 9-3 O12 +016 252 71271 78 1.42 5.01 62771 2316 2205 253 Ti9TL 254 1.01 2.99 61571 37.6 018 031 1,00 T2071 9.55 1.09 1.53 5.96 eLls71 -.01 -.Ol +34 89271 1.79 1.28 3.29 62171 -.01 051 233 90171 4.22 1.59 1.73 4.34 62171 007 2016 228 100471 1.57 1.46 4.53 o247T1L 24.6 2219 - 318 38 ll)171 Peis 1.67 3.20 62371 2015 2014 7249 110971 3.35 2.33 1.98 4.10 70671 -OLS C16 249 120271 2.92 2.37 3249 71271 5.1 2024 e016 214 T2071 Sel 2040 2014 81 80271 324 o1L2 262 STATION 6B $0171 0.8 C60 2014 1.39 22571 0.130 0.99 100471 964 014 1.58 41171 -.001 2006 0.15 L171 +72 2316 2.35 41971 2563 2175 1.32 LLO97L Lel e116 OLS 2.12 50371 , 2215 7054 2.25 120271 2015 2014 235 S5L)71 2227 2159 2031 51771 e131 2099 2.59 . 52671 2150 104 1.37 STATION 58 53171 e12L e712 3.61 22571 0.80 4243 60771 2066 2066 2.16 33171 2.18 5.99 O.1LT 6LL7L +962 2295 1.52 41171 3.39 1.13 1.69 62l7L 0590 2028 9242 41471 13.9 3.63 1.13 2.51 62871 2953 O71 0.67 41471 7.79 1.37 4.39 T0671 268 -)738 2.61 41971 1.78 254 2.31 T1271 2062 069 0.67 42671 7.79 1.37 4.39 T1A9TL 2089 2098 0.60 52371 7) 2.27 68 12.56 8)271 +996 elll 0.72 50571 101 2.26 1.44 100471 2082 209 0.19 50571 3.56 4.14 54.30 110171 0496 0254 1.44 Sid71 T9. 1.31 1.05 7.77 120271 2406 254 0.4% SL77L 87 268 8.09

S3L71 O15 S1L71 17 e912 41471 63.8 107 41971 126 2J7 42671 170 749 50371 239 -.01 50571 345 2006 5LO71L 320 006 51771 354 - 316 52671 284 -010 S3L 71 902 6)L71 -.OL 60271 6)77L 0 32 61171 -.O0L 6L57L 746 -.002 61571 31 61771 403 -.OL 61971 -.0l 62l7L 2025 62171 2013 62471 549 eJl2 62871 772 ~.O01 63071 420 -.OL T)67L 377 -.O01 T1971 299 -.O1 T2971 133 -.1 80271 377 -.01 90171 53.2 -.0L 1))471 -.91 L1OL7L -.OL 1LO097L 43.9 -.01 120271 -.Ol STATION 1M (1)A) 33171 216 13.0 41171 235 17.3 41471 e2l 32.6 41471 50.5 41971 235 22.9 42671 50.5 50371 21.6 SISTE 3.30 18.7 50571 19.8 51971 2.58 11.3 S1L77L 8.5 52671 9.2 52871 4-31 14.1 53171 4.6 69171 4.6 63271 5-3 60371 5.6 60771 6.1

ols7l o24Tl TI9T1 T2071 SOLTL LLO97L

Station 6P

6OLTL 6oT7L T0671 T1971

omuvonNnooc fury Ce ee er er

Cscovenyqvwnonn

- £02

STATION 8P DATE FLOW (CFS) 22571 105 SItET £34 41L71 i71L 41471 181 505711280 531712850 62371211) 697711969 611712410 6157123.) 621711810 624711760 T2)71 428 90L71 157 LLOL7L LLOOTL 12)271

Station 1Lop

Sl Tl Sl771 T6711

co (PPM)

e127 e 32 e121 + 166

e113

Cu (PPM)

dL

2 2ks +084

Sll 21)

21d

ell

+069

ell5 OL

+ 346 +436

Fe

(Ppm)

el? 26) 40

e9LL

Station 10P Conto

DATE FLOW co (CFS) (PPM)

T1271 39 89271 2067 90171 2075 L)2471 2059 110i 71 e122 12)271 e)T5

Station Llp 41171 533 41471 136

41971 24)

50371 650 5)571L1980 513711082 Slt7L1260. 52671 968 52871199)

615711920

6217L 912 624711420 624Tl

62871 912 To67L 542 T1271 439 72071 280

9dL7TL 115 L1LO97L 7165

18 +16

12 10 29S +10 +98

Cu

(Ppm)

Fe

(Ppm)

6a 1.2) +68 OL

Appendix I1I-1. Water quality data for 1974, 1975, and 1976 from the Blackbird Mining Area. Samples collected by University of Idaho personnel.

CSTE STA Bal EC ce Cu FF Ry MG C 61974 1 9.9 ) 0:6 del Me? lek 2.) Red T217% 1 3.9 199 1.6 1.5 3.4 0.6 0.0 C.) T2374 L 3.3 20) 1-38 1.7 0.4 9.5 5.5 7.2 31474 1 34/9 2°) Las 1.9 5 lel yo) J1lL74 1 3.9 22) 2.9 1.¢ me 5 0.3 0.0 (2.9 SLIT4 lL 3.2 22) 1.2 ba -O.l O.6 0.9 he D B2574 1 3.7 29) 2.5 leé -Gel C.9 49 Sad 101574 L 0.9 6 2.3 L.7 aa) 9.9 ree V9 LlLie74 1 Dd 36) 2.0 Lat rel 169 M20 ded SLITS l 29 ) 3.9 2eG 3.6 4e8 029 C.9 oI4T75 l 4el ) Hen 4 1.7 1.3 -0O.1 2el 469 69975 l dy.) J 3 1.4 9.2 0.4 1.7 1.2 TULT5S 1 4.9 95 0.5 Je C.3 Oe4 2.9 4.2% 8175 L 4el 209 1.4 1S 1.3 12% 5.6 7.5 72975 1 4.7 1969 2.9 1.3 eof 0.6 4.9 Sree T2174 2 ée1 80 "Gal alr o.! -v.l1 0.9 3.9 T2u7% 2 6.3 g)- ca 1 -).1 —Jel -).l 7 2 6.) 89474 2 6.2 £5 aie "Cel l -O.1 u.0 6.9 8Ll7% 2 5.8 9) -O.1 "Jel -3.1 -I.1 2.0 de) BLIT4 2 6.3 199 -0.1 -9.1 =Ceol "fol 0.9 Gc.) 82974 rd ool 129 -O.1 "uel -O.1 2.5 0.06 0.0 100574 2 LP ) ) -Jdel -)el Iel ded 2e7 do) 119274 2 C.d 129 0.1 9.0 1.2 9.1 0.0 0.% 51975 2 0.0 0 OeL 0.0 1.5 2? 2.0 9.0 6% 75 2 J 2 -).l 0.2 -C.l L.l 2eT e075 2 4.6 0 0.9 0.6 0.0 0.9 0.9 0.09 690975 2 0.3 ) 1.0 ).4 23 .1 Ve? Jot TVLTS 2 5.9 5) -9.1 ool =D.b -O.1 2.0 2.6 BILT5 2 6.2 90 O02 0.2 C.4 -0.1 Rit 6.9 T237€ 2 7.3 53 04 Pe) 3.5 9.5 25 4oo T2576 2A 2.9 650 6.6 vet) 45.9 6.8 Th.2 l T2174 3 6.3 65 -I.1 "Jel Vel Oe2 9.9 Ded T2374 3 6.4 70 -O0.1 -Oel -Gel 0.9 2iei3 4.9 80474 3 6.6 BO "0.1 al Ue -C.l 0.9 0.9 0.0 61174 3 644 6) -).1 =Tel -)el do) dr.) Died) 60475 3 4.9 59 9.3 -O.1 1.4 0.1 0.7 sek TG175 3 5.3 59 -O.1 De) 0.1 -Gel Let 20% BY1LTS 3 5.5 6) Jel -)el 0.3 -C.l 1.4 4.3 T2374 3 7.5 45 0.4 0.0 9.5 G.5 Pay} 3.9 T2174 4 3-4 309 2.4 je) 7 9 d.) de) 72374 4 3.2 399 2.8 2.6 C.4 1.2 6.3 a BOTT4 4 3.3 320 1.9 224 o.7 1.1 3.0 0.0 BIL 74 4 3.3 3a) 2.4% 263 lel 1k Met dD 81374 4 33 40) 2.8 4.6 =O. 2 1.5 Te% 5.2 82574 4 3.2 429 324 203 d.7 re] 9.0 J.) 1))574 4 9 DD} 364 226 Cel 1.5 917 9.9 119274 4 9.0 R) 3.6 2.8 064 1.4 9.0 0.3 123174 4 ) 3.8 2.) 3.) 1.2 dD do) 41975 4 3.3 re) 2.9 1.8 3.9 3.9 6.9 a9 51975 4 0.0 fe) 322 5el 4.8 4.7 0.9 00

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Blackbird Creek drainage discharge data for 1974, 1975 and 1976. Stations 4 and 6 is given in cubic feet per second (cfs).

stations is given in gallons per minute (gpm).

Appendix II!I-2.

Flow

Date

Flow

Date

Flow

Date

Station 4 (Blackbird Creek

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Appendix III-2. (cont.) 225

— —

Date Flow Date Flow Date Flow Date Flow Date Flow Station 4 ' Station 7 Station 7 Station 7 Station 7 (Blackbird Creek) (6850' Portal) (6850' Portal) (6850' Portal) (6850' Portal) 8-09-76 3.8 8-18-74 30 6-15-75° 120 9-04-75° 38 5-15 146 8-10 3.8 8-25 60 6-16 116 9-05 4] 5-16 146 8-1] 3.8 10-05 40 6-17 111 9-06 4] 5-17 129 8-12 11-02 22 6-18 107 9-07 4] 5-18 120 8-13 11-30 18 6-19 103 9-08 4] 5-19 120 8-14 12-31 4 6-20 103 9-09 4] 5-20 nn 8-15 4.0 P 6-2] 103 9-10 4] 5-21 107 8-16 4.3 4-19-75" 10 7-03 65 9-11 4] 5-22 107 8-17 4.3 4-20 10 7-04 65 9-12 4] 5-23 103 8-18 4.1 4-2] 11 7-05 65 9-13 4] 5-24 99 8-19 5.4 4-22 13 7-06 65 9-14 4] 5-25 99 8-20 4.7 4-23 16 7-07 61 5-26 9] 8-2] 4.3 4-24 18 7-08 61 3-18-76" 39 5-27 91 8-22 4.3 4-25 19 7-09 61 3-19 39 5-28 87 8-23 4.8 4-26 18 7-10 58 3-20 39 5-29 87 8-24 4.7 4-27 16 7-11 58 3-21 39 5-30 83 8-25 4.3 4-28 14 7-12 58 3-22 39 5-31 83 8-26 4.3 4-29 14 7-13 58 3-23 39 6-01 83 8-27 4.1 4-30 14 7-14 55 3-24 39 6-02 83 8-28 4.0 5-01 16 7-15 55 3-25 39 6-03 80 8-29 3.8 5-02 16 7-16 55 3-26 39 6-04 80 8-30 3.8 5-03 18 7-17 5] 3-27 39 6-05 80 8-30 3.8 5-04 16 7-18 5] 3-28 39 6-07 80 9-01 2.3 5-05 16 7-19 5] 3-29 39 6-08 80 9-02 1.6 5-06 14 7-20 5] 3-30 39 6-09 80 9-03 3.5 5-07 10 7-21 49 3-31 39 6-10 80 9-04 3.5 5-08 8 7-22 49 4-01 39 6-11 80 9-05 3.5 5-09 6 7-23 49 4-02 39 6-12 80 9-06 3.6 5-10 6 7-24 49 4-04 39 6-13 80 9-07 4.0 5-1] 8 7-25 59 4-05 39 6-14 80 9-08 3.8 5-12 6 7-26 49 4-06 39 6-15 80 9-09 3.6 5-13 8 7=27 45 4-13 39 6-16 80 5-14 14 7-28 45 4-14 39 6-17 80 Station 6 5-15 28 7-29 45 4-15 45 6-18 80 (Blackbird Creek) 5-16 38 7-30 45 4-16 45 6-19 80 aA. 5-17 55 7-31 45 4-17 45 6-20 80 ae af 5-18 60 8-01 45 4-18 45 6-21 76 5-22 5-19 65 8-02 45 4-19 39 6-22 76 5-23 5-20 65 8-1] 45 4-20 39 6-23 72 5-24 - 30.2 5-2] 65 8-12 45 4-2) 39 6-24 72 5-25 32.8 5-22 65 8-13 45 4-22 45 6-25 72 5-27 31.9 5-23 58 8-14 45 4-23 45 6-26 72 5-29 30.4 5-24 58 8-14 45 4-24 45 6-27 69 5-31 35.9 5-25 52 8-15 45 4-25 45 6-28 69 6-02 rw 5-26 52 8-16 45 4-26 52 6-29 65 6-03 25,1] 5-27 45 8-17 45 4-27 52 6-29 65 6-06 19.3 5-28 45 8-18 45 4-28 52 7-01 65 6-07 19.7 5-29 45 8-19 45 4-29 45 7-02 65 6-09 19:8 5-30 48 8-20 45 4-30 45 7-03 65 6-11 21.3 5-31 58 8-21 45 5-01 52 7-04 62 6-17 14 6-01 65 8-22 4] 5-02 58 7-05 62 6-18 10:8 6-02 95 8-23 4] 5-03 65 7-06 62 6-20 10:9 6-03 132 8-24 4] 5-04 87 7-07 62 6-22 10.4 6-04 156 8-25 4] 5-05 95 7-08 62 6-23 9.6 6-06 184 8-26 4] 5-06 95 7-09 62 6-24 9.3 6-07 194 8-27 4] 5-07 103 7-10 58 7-12 a7 6-08 179 8-28 4] 5-08 146 7-11 58 ae 12 8-29 4] 5-09 156 7-12 58 ; . 6- 8-30 4] 5-10 165 7-13 58 (860" Portal) 6-11 14] 8-31 38 5-11 156 7-21 58 6-12 133 9-01 38 5-12 146 7-22 58 8-02-74 17 6-13 128 9-02 38 5-13 137 7-23 58 8-1] 25 6-14 124 9-03 38 5-14 146 7-24 58

Appendix III-2 (cont.)

Date Flow Station 7 (6850' Portal) 7-25-76° 58 8-13 . 45 8-20 . 45 8-29 3] 8-3] 31 Station 9 (St. Joe Shaft) 8-11-74 0.2 11-02 0.4

6-03-75 21 6-06 2] 6-07 2)

Date Flow Station 9 (St. Joe Portal) 6-14-75 7 7-09 ] 7-11 ] 7-22 ] 8-0] 1 5-05-76 - 20 6-03 ] 7-28 ] Station 10 (7100' Waste Pile) 7-21-74 1] 8-1] 8 6-03-75 90 6-11 . 80 5-0576 75

Date Flow Station 10A

(Meadow Creek) 7-21-74 60 8-1] 60 6-03-75 2570 6-04 1090 6-05 2670 6-06 2180 6-07 2180 6-11 1000 6-13 1230 6-14 1280 6-15 1430 6-17 1180 6-19 1330 6-20 1090 5-18-76 1650 5-23 1030 6-01 1100

Station 13

(Meadow Creek) 5~20-76 315 5-25 1075 527 1120 529 1120 5-3] 850 607 360 6-11] 450 620 225 6=22 270 6<23 270 6=24 225

Date Flow Station 15 (7400' Portal) 7-21-74 8 6-20-75 14 8-0] 1 4-13-76 4 Station 17 (F. S. Waste Pile) 5-19-76 75 6-21 ]

Date

Flow

® Discharge is mean daily flow

Appendix III-3. Bucktail Creek drainage discharge data for 1974, 1975, and 1976. Discharge of all stations is given in gallons per minute (gpm).

Date Flow Date Flow Date Flow

Station 19 Station 21 Station BIA (Bucktail_ Creek) (Bucktail Creek) (Bucktail Creek) 7-21-74 5 7-26-75 9 8-14-75 3]

7-28 4 8-01 10 8-04 5 8-08 9 7-01-76 62 8-11] 4 8-14 8 ' 7-08 50 8-18 4 7-14 40 8-25 3 5-24-76 75 7-23 35 11-02 ] 5-25 157 7-29 35 6-02 49 ° 8-03 32 6-13-75 30 6-08 29 6-19 20 . 6-22 24 Station B2 7-01 10 6-29 14 (Bucktail Creek) 7=11 7 7-01 15 8-01 5 7-08 12 7-26-75 49 8-08 5 7-14 10 8-01 53 7-21 10 8-08 43 5-24-76 Vhs 7-23 10 8-12 43 6-02 21 7-28 W 8-14 31 6-08 13 8-03 11 6-22 9 7-01-76 73 6-29 6 Station 22 7-08 60 7-01 6 "(7117' Portal) 7-14 49 7-13 5 7-23 33 7-23 5 7-21-74 4 7-29 43 7-28 4 7-28 4 8-03 43 8-03 4 8+04 4 8-1] 4 Station B3 Station 20 8-18 4 ' (Bucktail Creek) (7265' Portal) 8-25 4 11-02 3 7-26-75 53 7-21-74 4 8-01 58 7-28 4 6-13-75 6 8-08 43 8-04 4 6-19 6 8-14 43 8-11 5 7-01 5 8-18 4 7-11 6 7-01-76 9) 8-25 4 8-0] 4 7-08 68 11-02 4 8-08 4 7-14 57 8-14. 4 7-23 49 6-13-75 9 7-29 45 6-19 7 7-28-76 5 8-03 46 7-11 4 Station Bl Station B4 8-01 5 (Bucktail Creek) (Bucktail Creek) 7-26-75 12 7-26-75 69 7-28-76 6 8-01 13 8-01 58 8-08 12 8-08 58 Station 21 8-12 11 8-14 49 (Bucktail_ Creek) 8-14 10 ; 7-01-76 105 7-21-74 10 7-01-76 22 7-08 84 7-28 9 7-08 21 7-14 66 8-04 8 7-14 15 7-23 57 8-11 6 7-23 14 7-29 55 8-18 6 7-29 15 8-03 50 8-25 7 8-03 13 Station B5 6-18-75 45 Station BIA (Bucktail_ Creek) 6-19 40 (Bucktail Creek) 7-01 20 7-26-75 69 7-11 iW 8-12-75 3] 8-01 63

Appendix III-3. Continued Date Flow Date Flow Station B5 Station 23 (Bucktail Creek) (Bucktail Creek) 8-08 53 6-13-75 273 8-14 38 6-18 314 7-01-76 101 6-20 236 7-08 80 7-01 141 7-14 62 7-11 80 7-23 57 7-24 58 7-29 58 7-26 49 8-03 5] 8-01 58 Station B6 8-14 43 (Bucktail Creek) 5-25-76 435 8-01-75 0, 6-02 225 Station B7 6-22 110 (Bucktail Creek) 7-01 100 26-75 63 7-14 62 8-01 63 7-21 63 8-08 49 7-23 54 8-14 38 7-29 51 7-01-76 1 7-08 84° Station 23 (Bucktail Creek) 7-21-74 50

Date

Station 6827

Flow

Pierce Winze-6850' level)

Station 68616

(616 raise on 6850' level)

Appendix III-4. Water level data for piezometers installed in study area.

Depth to Date Water Dat 1976 (feet) 197 Drill Hole 1 6-08 2.78 6-21 3.06 6-29 3.11 7-01 3.16 7-07 3.25 7-12 3.29 7-20 3.25 7=27 3.34 8-03 3.35 8-06 3.44 8-09 3.439 8-10 3.43° 8-12 3.44 Drill Hole 2 5-21 11.25 5-22 40.50 5-23 50.02 5-24 57.35 5-25 60.73 6-21] 64.57 6-29 63.91 7-07 64.08 7-13 64.03 7-20 64.00 727 64.13 8-03 64.14 8-06 63.86° 8-09 64.048 8-10 64.07° 8-12 64.04 9-09 63.90

a - Average of three measuremen b - Average of ten measurements

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Depth to Date Water 1976 (feet) Drill Hole 4

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Drill Hole 5

7-01 83.84 7-07 84.36 1-13 84.30 7-20 84.25 7=27 84.20 8-03 84.30 8-06 84.29. 8-09 84.28) 8-12 84.34 9-09 84.48 Drill Hole 6 6-15 34.90 6-22 34.17 6-25 35.20 6-29 35.25 7-01 35.26 7-08 35.30 719 35.33 7-20 35.39 7-27 35.44 8-03 35.46 8-06 35.47 8-09 35.50) 8-12 35.50 9-09 35.66

See Enlargement

--6808

i ap _-6807 6850 Level ce . 71000? ee ge 68616 6831 90 Level _—e*—_Lever RSE _gezlh.| 6828 7100 Level — "Seen oh Fy SS 7007 080 76830 7010 e ae 7200, Level 4-2 s Sl, me SN "e020" a ea cre SO Wis Se 7109 FT] V f/f 744 7108 71147444 aa i Plate IA. PLAN VIEW OF BLACKBIRD MINE

Showing Selected Levels

° Sample station and number

---7 Diamond drill hole sample station ==sScs Raise from above

es Raise to below

Scale 1:7680

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Plate IB. Cross sectional view of Blackbird Mine workings.

Explanation

Ksky/ Bentonite Seal

Water Level

Screened Interval

Bottom Of Hole

Plate II. Logs and construction details for piezometers installed in the Blackbird Mining area.